|
Posted on 06/18/2004 12:00:34 AM PDT by SAMWolf
|
|
 are acknowledged, affirmed and commemorated.
|
| Our Mission: The FReeper Foxhole is dedicated to Veterans of our Nation's military forces and to others who are affected in their relationships with Veterans. In the FReeper Foxhole, Veterans or their family members should feel free to address their specific circumstances or whatever issues concern them in an atmosphere of peace, understanding, brotherhood and support. The FReeper Foxhole hopes to share with it's readers an open forum where we can learn about and discuss military history, military news and other topics of concern or interest to our readers be they Veteran's, Current Duty or anyone interested in what we have to offer. If the Foxhole makes someone appreciate, even a little, what others have sacrificed for us, then it has accomplished one of it's missions. We hope the Foxhole in some small way helps us to remember and honor those who came before us.
|
|
One of America's greatest engineering feats of the modern era, the construction of the Alaska Highway, celebrates its fiftieth anniversary this year. Compared in scale and logistical difficulty to the building of the Panama Canal, the highway was constructed in less than a year. Weather conditions reaching sixty below; short supplies; permafrost; muskeg; and swarms of mosquitoes, black flies, and no-seeums challenged the 11,000 army personnel and 7,500 civilians who blazed a pioneer trail through 1,600 miles of northern wilderness to create what we now call the Alaska Highway.  In the eighty years preceding the construction of the highway, ideas for a route connecting the territory with the lower forty-eight states ranged from a Western Union Telegraph line to William Gilpin's (first territorial governor of Colorado) grand vision of a cosmopolitan railway stretching from the U.S. to Alaska across the Bering Strait through Siberia and finally connecting with European railways. In 1938 President Roosevelt created the Alaskan International Highway Commission which developed two surveyed routes to Alaska. Despite years of debate, the highway project remained on hold until the shock of Pearl Harbor destroyed the American myth of isolationism and a panic-stricken nation and government rushed into action. Fearful that the Japanese Navy would seize control of the shipping lanes in the North Pacific and cut off supplies to Alaska, Roosevelt finally approved the building of a highway on 11 February 1942. Construction began the following March.  Dawson Creek, British Columbia, the beginning of the 1,522 mile road. The sign marks mile 0.0. Ignoring the Highway Commission's recommendations, U.S. Army engineers ran the Alaska Highway along an unsurveyed route from Dawson Creek in British Columbia to Fairbanks, Alaska. The primary purpose of the highway was the defense and resupply of the "Alaska Skyway," a string of WWII airfields. The army selected the route by connecting the dots on a map marking existing airfields. The highway was built under much protest from the Highway Commissioners who disapproved of the route chosen by the Army. Thomas Riggs, commission member, engineer, and former governor of Alaska, wrote that the route "is so absolutely out of the picture insofar as a highway to Alaska is concerned as to seem utterly absurd." The military justified their choice by pointing out that it was far enough inland to be safe from enemy attack and that pilots could follow the road to avoid getting lost.  Construction of the highway began simultaneously in five separate places with the goal of pushing through a pioneer road in a single season. Through the summer of 1942, engineers driving a fleet of twenty-ton bulldozers covered about six miles a day through the subarctic forest. Speed was the only measure of success. Crews attacked the trail, building without grades or curves, cutting a path wherever a bulldozer could go with reasonable ease and speed. The trail was not built for cars or trucks but for bulldozers. Surveyors using aerial photographs to mark a rough trail through forest and across muskeg (grassy bog) barely managed to keep ahead of bushwackers and bulldozers. The heavy machinery was followed by gangs of soldiers who widened the road, laid culverts, and built small bridges.  The greatest construction hazard occurred during the summer when surface vegetation was removed from the frozen earth. Exposed to the sun, the permafrost melted into a black sludge, turning dry trails into impassable ditches that swallowed trucks and bulldozers alike. The only way to pass over the permafrost was to lay down a road of timber and brush, thus insulating the frozen ground so it would not melt. When the formal completion of the pioneer road was celebrated on 20 November 1942, the road was all but impassable to any vehicle besides bulldozers. In 1943 the trail was developed into a standard highway by the U.S. Public Roads Administration and civilian contractors. Rebuilding nearly the entire trail, workers graded and blasted 25.4 million cubic yards of earth, straightening and shortening the route in the process by nearly 200 miles.  One of the original BSA motorcycles ridden over the proposed Highway route between Fairbanks and Seattle in 1939 to prove that it was a viable passage to the North It took two men seven months to complete the 2,000 mile trip. When the highway was built three years later it took a different route. University of Alaska, Fairbanks Highway repairs were almost nonexistent in 1946, and wartime travel restrictions remained in effect. Only travelers with legitimate business in Alaska or elsewhere along the road received permits to drive the highway. People who used the road were required to carry a supply of tools and spare parts including: two spare tires and tubes, tire chains, tire gauge, car tools, axe and shovel, spark plugs, distributor coil and points, condenser, brake fluid, tube repair kit, tire pump, jack, tow rope or cable, first aid kit, fan belt, light fuses, fuel pump kit, axle, generator brushes, and clutch parts. In 1948 travel restrictions were lifted, and scores of WWII veterans and their families traveled to Alaska to stake out homesteads in the northern frontier. Despite the influx of civilian traffic rugged conditions persisted, and the entire stretch of highway on Alaskan soil wasn't paved until 1960.  The highway forever altered the political, economic, social, and cultural life of America's northern frontier and its construction, linking Alaska with the lower forty-eight states, ended the isolation of the Territory and played an important part in helping transform Alaska into a state in 1959. 10,607 U.S. soldiers built a road 1,522 miles long in 8 months. 3,695 of these soldiers were Black men.  Back Row (l-r): Lt. Rives, Capt. Land, Lt. Rice, Lt. Lavelle Front Row: 1st Pt. Sgt.McGee, Mess Sgt. Salter, 1st Sgt. T.C. Barnes, 1st Pt. Sgt. Spretley, Sup. Sgt. James Smith, 2nd Pt. Sgt. Witmore Military policy during World War II decreed that Blacks would not be sent to northern climes or active duty, but after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the need for an inland route to Alaska appeared vital. Manpower was scarce, and segregated troops were shipped north under the leadership of white commanders... despite protest from the U.S. Army commander in Alaska, Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, son of a Confederate general whose negative attitude toward Blacks was legendary.  93rd Engineers: The first of the three black regiments, the 93rd were led by Colonel Frank Johnson. Beginning their work at Teslin, they helped Lyon's 340th Engineers on the road to Whitehorse.(Picture from Twichell) The construction of the 1,522 mile long road from Dawson Creek, British Colombia, to Fairbanks, Alaska through rugged, unmapped wilderness was heralded as a near impossible engineering feat. Many likened it to the building of the Panama Canal. There was much praise for soldiers who pushed it through in just eight months and twelve days. However, Black battalions were seldom mentioned in publicity releases, despite the fact that they numbered 3,695 in troop strength of 10,670.  Lt. Rice and Sgt. Barnes with Highway Platoon- Company A, 95th Engineers. According to the testimony of their commanders, these men did an exceptional job under duress. Ill housed, often living in tents with insufficient clothing and monotonous food, they worked 20 hour days through a punishing winter. Temperatures hovered at 40-below-zero for weeks at a time. A new record low of -79 was established. The majority of these troops were from the South; yet, they persevered. On the highway's completion, many were decorated for their efforts and then sent off to active duty in Europe and the South Pacific. The veterans of the Army's Black Corps of Engineers were members of the 93rd, 95th, 97th and 388th units.  97th Engineers: Colonel Stephen Whipple led the 97th, the last of three black regiments, who accounted for 10,607 of the workers on ALCAN. The 97th worked in the northern third, helping the PRA and the 18th between Whitehorse and Big Delta, Alaska. (Picture from Twichell) Due to the fine showing of these Black troops and others, the U.S. military integrated all units during the Korean Conflict, becoming the first government agency in the United States to do so.  Temperatures were often 30 or 40 degrees below freezing. A record -79 was set this year. "We wore three pairs of socks at times, with rubber galoshes instead of shoes, because the leather would freeze. We had adequate clothing-- lined parkas, pants, mittens and heavy underwear, but it was still might cold. But I was a young man who felt he had a job to do, and I did it." -Alexander Powel, Crane Operator, 97th Engineers The road, originally called the Alaskan-Canadian Highway quickly adopted the shortened name Alcan Highway. Today, this road, known as the Alaska Highway, still provides the only land route to Alaska. (Black Archives Research Center Museum, Florida A & M University)
|
Neat thread Sam. Kinda different, but it does have Engineer guys.
I'm a firm believer in taking out as much of the leadership as possible.
I kinda figured that. I remember being a little boy and how attached you get to any animals.
Not sure what unit they are. Like the paintings of the "British Square"
Morning PE.
The Immelmann turn is a simple yet very effective maneuver under the proper tactical circumstances. The name is derived from its inventor Max Immelmann, a WWI German Ace who devised the method. In reality, the version of the maneuver most people are familiar with today from air shows is not the maneuver that Max Immelmann found so successful.
"The "air show" Immelmann can be flown in very different ways. If a pilot is in combat, he must be aware that under certain circumstances he is placing himself in a dangerous situation if his adversary has enough energy or performance to follow him up into the loop and fire at him while he is very slow at the top. The reversal can be aggressive, limiting the altitude gain in exchange for maintaining additional speed after completion, or it can be very gradual with completion at a higher than normal altitude but the aircraft at near stall speed. Both have advantages. You can go for the quick guns reversal or do a gentle Immelmann, gaining an altitude advantage, then continue into a full power climb just at the edge of stall speed. If the enemy aircraft went for a more aggressive Immelmann, you are above him headed in the opposite direction. As he passes under you low, if he tries a second Immelmann he will fail and you can do a rudder reversal and drop onto him."
"The "air show" version must be used with care and good SA regarding energy states of your enemy."
"Max Immelmann's actual "Combat Immelmann" was what most arena players would call a version of the "Boom and Zoom" He would make a high energy pass at his opponent, pulling up into an efficient vertical climb until he was sure he was out of guns range of his enemy, then he would use a rudder reversal to drop back down from a position of advantage and repeat his attack. From my reading this "rudder reversal" would be on the idea of a "Hammerhead" turn but at a better energy state. Rather than stalling out and using rudder to control the nose, start your rudder input a bit earlier and get the nose in the direction you want it a bit quicker and under more control."
Hopefully it didn't totally ruin your garage sale.
I grew up in Sutter Creek, CA. Named for the stream Sutter Creek, in the middle of the Gold Coutry.
"I don't care if it rains or freezes, long as I have my plastic Jesus, Risding on the dashboard of my car"
It was a military project and it deserves the attention. :-)
Besides I had to show that the Engineers earned their pay. ;-)
My pleasure Ma'am.
Hiya Sam. How's Oregon today?
Professional Engineer, Foxhole Vexillologist.
I like it! :-)
Absolutely. Not a battle, bombs, guns thing, but equally important. I like reading about building targets too.
Besides I had to show that the Engineers earned their pay. ;-)
ROFL
Mechanical Engineers - Build weapons
Civil Engineers - Build targets
Electrical Engineers - Build the guidance systems to connect the two!
Naw, most of the items that were, water sensitive, shall we say were in the basement. We had 6mil plastic or tarps over every thing else. The few things that got wet will dry out pretty quick now that the sun is out.
I just hope that the National Weather Service radar is telling the truth.
Fair skies and following winds to y'll in Oregeon.
Regarda
alfa6 ;>}
One fella was standing in the back of a line truck...as the truck went forward..a treebranch about 2"-3" dia got caught on the front winch deck.
It broke loose...slingshotting with biggy kinetic's up.....over the hood....up the windshield and over the cab,
To Mike Tyson this poor guy right in the mellon.
Just K.O.ed him.
The truck kept driving....no cable was being issued out.
Next comes screaming as several hours of work is torn from the ground and dragged.
Maybe God heard my laughing and felt I needed a lesson.
Several Siesmic geophone sets were missing.....I drew short straw....and had to do a *Johnny Cash..... walk the cut line alone looking for them.
Had a face to face with a Black Angus Bull later.....who looked pissed at having been awakened from his mid-day nap.
real close....I should have had a little red blanket.
The Bull let this Spaniard rookie live,
Thankyou Jesus : )
Thanks for the graphic! I needed a humor break.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
