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The FReeper Foxhole Profiles General Jonathan Wainwright - Apr 19th, 2004
www.cs.amedd.army.mil ^

Posted on 04/19/2004 12:00:01 AM PDT by SAMWolf



Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
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FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


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U.S. Military History, Current Events and Veterans Issues

Where Duty, Honor and Country
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General Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV
(1883 - 1953)

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Jonathan Wainwright was born the son of a cavalry officer and a descendant in a line of distinguished U. S. Naval officers on August 23, 1883 at Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory.



His father, Robert, commanded a squadron in the Battle of Santiago during the Spanish American War and died in 1901 while serving in the suppression of the Philippine Insurrection. A year later, Wainwright was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.

Wainwright received his commission in 1906 and began his career with the 1st Cavalry Regiment in Texas. The 1st was sent to the Philippines in 1908 as part of an expedition sent to quell the Moro uprising on the island of Jolo. Wainwright participated in the St.Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives towards the end of World War I. Following the Armistice, he served as Assistant Chief of Staff with the Army of Occupation in Koblenz, Germany and was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his work in that capacity. The years between the wars were spent in postgraduate studies and training commands.



He graduated from the Mounted Service School, Fort Riley, Kansas, 1916. Promoted to Captain, and in 1917 was on staff of the first officers training camp at Plattsburg, New York. In February 1918 he was ordered to France. In June he became Assistant Chief-of-Staff of the 82nd Infantry Division, with which he took part in Saint Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. Promoted to temporary Lieutenant Colonel in October he was assigned to occupation duty in Germany with the 3rd Army until 1920, in which year, having reverted to Captain, he was promoted to Major.

After a year as an instructor at the renamed Cavalry School at Fort Riley, he was attached to the General Staff during 1921-23 and assigned to the 3rd Cavalry, Fort Myer, Virginia, 1923-25. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1929 and graduated from the Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1931, and the Army War College in 1934. He was promoted to Colonel in 1935, and commanded the 3rd Cavalry until 1938, when he was advanced to Brigadier General in command of the 1st Cavalry Brigade at Fort Clark, Texas. In September 1940, he was promoted to temporary Major General and returned to the Philippines to take command of the Philippine Division. that began in late December 1941.



Wainwright had little inkling of what future held. The war in Europe was already raging and he feared "that something might break over here and there he would be stuck in the Philippines missing everything." He was commanding American and Filipino troops in northern Luzon when the Japanese attacked on December 8, 1941. Wainwright commanded from the front and his skillful series of holding actions helped to make the American stand on Bataan possible. On February 7, 1942 General MacArthur decorated him with the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism.


Surrender on Bataan


General Douglas MacArthur the overall commander of forces in the Philippines was ordered to leave for Australia on March 11, 1942. Wainwright succeeded him as commander of all American and Filipino forces on Bataan and was promoted to lieutenant general. As the senior field commander of US and Filipino forces, he had tactical responsibility for resisting the Japanese invasion. Pushed back from beachheads in Lingayen Gulf, his Philippine forces withdrew onto the Bataan Peninsula, where they occupied well prepared defensive positions and commanded the entrance to Manila Bay. In throwing back a major Japanese assault in January, the defenders earned name of "battling bastards of Bataan." When MacArthur was ordered off Bataan in March 1942, Wainwright, promoted to temporary Lieutenant General, succeeded to command of US Army Forces in the Far East, a command immediately afterward reassigned US Forces in the Philippines. The Japanese attacks resumed in earnest in April.



The Japanese high command issued an ultimatum on March 22nd urging the defenders of Bataan to surrender in the name of humanity. Continuous air bombardment was followed by two human wave assaults which were repulsed but the defenders were running low on supplies and morale.

Bataan fell on April 9, 1942. President Roosevelt authorized Wainwright to continue the fight or make terms as he saw fit. Wainwright chose to continue the battle from Corregidor despite the urgings of some that he leave. "I have been one of the battling bastards of Bataan and I’ll play the same role on the rock as long as it is humanly possible. I have been with my men from the start, and if captured I will share their lot. We have been through so much together that my conscience would not let me leave before the final curtain."


General Wainwright at Celilo
November 15, 1945


Wainwright and 11,000 survivors held on in the tunnels beneath the rock for another month deprived of food, sleep or hope of relief. On May 5th Wainwright wrote MacArthur, "As I write this we are being subjected to terrific air and artillery bombardment and it is unreasonable to expect that we can hold out for long. We have done our best, both here and on Bataan, and although we are beaten we are still unashamed." The Japanese began landing on the island that night and at noon the next day Wainwright called for terms. General Homma insisted that Wainwright surrender all remaining American and Filipino forces or risk the annihilation of his troops on Corregidor. At noon on May 6, 1942, General Wainwright surrendered to Japanese General Homma. A historian of the Civil War, Wainwright later said of that moment, "Suddenly, I knew how Lee felt after Appomattox.



General Wainwright spent the next three years in Japanese prison camps in the Philippines, China and Formosa (Taiwan). The man who was known to his friends as Skinny was found alive in a Japanese prison camp in Manchuria. He emerged from captivity little more than a skeleton. General Wainwright liberation allowed him to travel and attend the Japanese surrender ceremonies aboard USS Missouri (left) in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, after which he returned to the Philippines to receive the surrender of the local Japanese commander. After a short stop at Fort Shafter in Hawaii to receive his fourth star from General Robert C. Richardson Jr., he then flew home to the United States, where he received a hero's welcome and was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.



General Wainwright commander the Fourth U.S. Army at Fort Sam Houston from January 1946 until his retirement from the Army in August 1947. The general passed away in San Antonio, Texas on September 3 1953 and is buried at Arlington Nation Cemetary.



TOPICS: VetsCoR
KEYWORDS: bataan; biography; freeperfoxhole; generalmacarthur; generalwainwright; japan; philippines; veterans
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To: KC Burke
Thanks KC Burke. I read the original articles and have been waiting for the book.
81 posted on 04/20/2004 10:03:43 AM PDT by SAMWolf (Heard the one about the dyslexic devil worshiper? He sold his soul to Santa.)
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To: colorado tanker
YEP! you are EXACTLY right.

free dixie,sw

82 posted on 04/20/2004 2:07:06 PM PDT by stand watie (Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God. -T. Jefferson)
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To: GATOR NAVY
1) I wish we could have known what kind of impact the US submarines could have had on the Japanese invasion of the Philippines if their @#$%&*! torpedoes had worked.

2) It is my understanding that a substantial part of the US army forces in the Philippines were New Mexico National Guard. I believe there is a MacArthur High School in Albuquerque. That has suggested to me that the veterans of the Philippines did not feel it was MacArthur that let them down.

I sure would like to know the story of how the New Mexico National Guard ended up in the Philippines, and whether (as I suspect) they were sent there months after the decision was made by the Roosevelt administration to do nothing to support them once in place (as noted in this article).

83 posted on 04/24/2004 9:28:04 AM PDT by DeaconBenjamin
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To: PhilDragoo; colorado tanker; SAMWolf
Once upon a time, in a slow and seemingly peaceful era for America, a coastal steamer regularly plied the docile waters between Washington, DC and Norfolk, Virginia. Old-timers still say the overnight voyage was a delight. For young U.S. Navy Ensign John D. Bulkeley, though, it would be the beginning of his own personal war with Japan. Neither the Japanese--nor even the US Navy it seems--ever quite knew what hit them.

The twenty-four-year-old Bulkeley went aboard the Wilson Lines coastal steamer in July 1936. His ship, the cruiser Indianapolis, was tied up at the huge US Navy base in Norfolk, and he was looking forward to an off-duty weekend in Washington and Baltimore.

Entering the dining salon that evening in his white dress uniform, Bulkeley was struck by the sight of four Japanese, all well dressed, sitting at one of the tables. A steward told the curious young officer that one of them was the Japanese ambassador to the US. To Bulkeley, the other three looked very much like military officers in mufti, or civilian clothes.

The steward also told Bulkeley the foursome often made the same round trip -- Washington to Norfolk and back.

The young American's suspicions were aroused. Why would an ambassador spend so much time traveling to Norfolk? Didn't he have enough to occupy him in the diplomatic world of Washington? And why those three men of obvious military bearing as his frequent companions.

To Bulkeley the answer seemed obvious enough. The naval base at Norfolk! They must be spying on the base and all the American warships that docked there. In fact, the briefcase so carefully kept by the ambassador's feet, even during dinner, must contain the most recent fruit of their labors.

Never one to waffle in the toils of indecision, Bulkeley made up his mind on the spot. He must get his hands on that briefcase!

He formed his plan as he watched the foursome through dinner, which for the Japanese meant the consumption, the copious consumption, of tea. Enough, Bulkeley said later, to float a battleship.

Surely they would have to awaken during the night and use the common head--there were no such facilities in the steamer's small, individual cabins.

No one in official Washington was aware of the high drama that unfolded later that night as the young ensign from the Indianapolis posted himself at a vantage point on the deck near the ambassador's cabin and waited in the darkness.

For four or five hours, nothing happened. The coastal steamer by now had entered the Potomac River, her passengers peacefully bedded down--except for the waiting Bulkeley. Finally, about 4 a.m., the ambassador emerged from his cabin. Exactly as anticipated, he walked down the deck toward the sandbox to heed the call of nature.

Exactly as planned also, Ensign Bulkeley swung into action. "Moments later I scrambled through the hatch of the Jap's cabin, grabbed his briefcase, and barreled back through the hatch."

Bulkeley slipped out of sight, toward the stern of the small ship. What next? Would the ambassador return, sleepily crawl back into bed without noticing the briefcase was gone? Or--? Unfortunately for Bulkeley, it was or. He did notice the theft. "He began screaming and hollering and raising holy hell. Then the other Japs joined in the screaming. The racket was so loud, they no doubt heard it in Tokyo."

Bulekley again wasted no time. With the river shoreline dimly in sight on both sides, still in his dress whites, he went over the rail and into the water. Sidestroking and holding the briefcase above the water, he plugged for the Maryland shore, while the Wilson liner pulled steadily away, in the direction of Washington.

Minutes later, soaked shoes squishy from their bath, Annapolis grad Bulekley was trudging along a dirt road with his precious cargo the Japanese briefcase. Reaching a larger road, he managed to hitch a ride into the Federal City, which in those prewar days was well shut down for the weekend.

Bulkeley hid himself in a seedy hotel until Monday morning, the briefcase still his constant companion. And on Monday morning, he took a taxi to the US Navy headquarter on Constitution Avenue. Safe inside, he found his way to an unmarked door that was Navy Intelligence. He knocked.

"Some old gent -- he must have been 106 years old and going down for the ghrid time -- cautiously opened the door. He was stonefaced, and wearing civilian clothes. I found out later he was a captain in Naval Intelligence. He never invited me inside. Merely said "Yes" and stood there while I told him of the events on the Norfolk-Washington steamer. Then I proudly held up the Jap ambassador's briefcase. The old bastard turned ashen--I thought he was going to faint. Finally he asked my name, rank, and duty station, then slammed the door in my face.

Bulkeley was stunned. Before he could react, however, the door suddenly reopened "and the same gent snatched the briefcase out of my hand, told me to report back the the Indianapolis immediately, and again slammed the door"

Back in Norfolk, Bulkeley discovered that word of his adventure had traveled ahead of him. Boarding his ship, he was hauled before its skipper. The skipper said he didn't want to know any details and informed Bulkeley he was being transfered, right then, to the transport Chaumont. In twenty-four hours, the Chaumont cast loose its lines in Norfolk and sailed for Shanghai, China. Bulkeley was gone from sight of official Washington and the outraged Japanese.

84 posted on 04/24/2004 10:59:31 AM PDT by DeaconBenjamin
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To: DeaconBenjamin; colorado tanker; SAMWolf
Bulkeley's intuition was matchless.

But the heaviest element, Bureaucratium, was his undoing.

Gentlemen don't read each other's mail.

Carter and Stansfield Turner agreed, Frank Church, Robert Torricelli, John Deutch, too.

Had we more Bulkeleys and fewer Chamberlains we could have saved a million men.

Thanks to Bush over Gore, we may have. If Bush II over Kerry, most certainly.

85 posted on 04/24/2004 3:19:46 PM PDT by PhilDragoo (Hitlery: das Butch von Buchenvald)
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To: DeaconBenjamin
It is my understanding that a substantial part of the US army forces in the Philippines were New Mexico National Guard

I just finished up a thread scheduled for next month on one of the New Mexico Guard units in the Philippines.

Your comment about the torpedoes is right on the mark too. The failure of our torpedoes early in the war hampered the efforts of our submarines in slowing down the invasion and transport fleets.

86 posted on 04/24/2004 4:22:21 PM PDT by SAMWolf (Stress is when you wake up screaming & you realize you haven't fallen asleep yet.)
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To: DeaconBenjamin; snippy_about_it
Great story, thanks for posting it here, DeaconBenjamin
87 posted on 04/24/2004 4:24:03 PM PDT by SAMWolf (Stress is when you wake up screaming & you realize you haven't fallen asleep yet.)
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To: PhilDragoo
But the heaviest element, Bureaucratium, was his undoing. Gentlemen don't read each other's mail.

Fighting "by the rules" satisfoes politicians sensibilities but gets our soldiers killed.

88 posted on 04/24/2004 4:26:15 PM PDT by SAMWolf (Stress is when you wake up screaming & you realize you haven't fallen asleep yet.)
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To: DeaconBenjamin
Thanks for the Bulkeley story. I wonder if getting kicked off that cruiser is what put him on the path to PT Boats and the Philippines.
89 posted on 04/25/2004 9:36:36 AM PDT by colorado tanker
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To: colorado tanker
Also ironic that it was the Indianapolis. The Japanese certainly got their revenge on that ship.
90 posted on 04/25/2004 10:34:53 AM PDT by DeaconBenjamin
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To: DeaconBenjamin
True. But I think it's legit to chalk up Hiroshima in Indianapolis' column.
91 posted on 04/25/2004 10:56:55 AM PDT by colorado tanker
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