Replies

THE BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO

General Houston disposed his forces in battle order at about 3:30 in the afternoon. Over on the Mexican side all was quiet; many of the foemen were enjoying their customary siesta. The Texans' movements were screened by the trees and the rising ground, and evidently Santa Anna had no lookouts posted. Big, shaggy and commanding in his mud-stained unmilitary garb, the chieftain rode his horse up and down the line. "Now hold your fire, men," he warned in his deep voice, "until you get the order!"

At the command, "Advance," the patriots, 910 strong, moved quickly out of the woods and over the rise, deploying. Bearded and ragged from forty days in the field, they were a fierce-looking band. But their long rifles were clean and well oiled. Only one company, Captain William Wood's "Kentucky Rifles," originally recruited by Sidney Sherman, wore uniforms.

[In his official report of the battle, April 25, 1836, Houston said 783 Texans took part. Yet in a roster published later he listed 845 officers and men at San Jacinto, and by oversight omitted Captain Alfred H. Wyly's Company. In a Senate speech February 28, 1859, Houston said his effective force never exceeded 700 at any point. Conclusive evidence in official records brings the total number at San Jacinto up to 910.]

The battle line was formed with Edward Burleson's regiment in the center; Sherman's on the left wing; the artillery, under George W. Hockley, on Burleson's right; the infantry, under Henry Millard, on the right of the artillery; and the cavalry, led by Lamar, on the extreme right

Silently and tensely the Texas battle line swept across the prairie and swale that was No Man's land, the men bending low. A soldier's fife piped up with "Will You Come to the Bower,"' a popular tune of the day. That was the only music of the battle. [Several veterans of the battle said the tune played was "Yankee Doodle."] As the, troops advanced, "Deaf" Smith galloped up and told Houston, "Vince's bridge has been cut down." The General announced it to the men. Now both armies were cut off from retreat in all directions but one, by a roughly circular moat formed by Vince's and Buffalo Bayous to the west and north, San Jacinto River to the north and cast, and by the marshes and the bay to the east and southeast.

The Battle of San Jacinto, Prints and Photographs Collection, Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission.

At close range, the two little cannon, drawn by rawhide thongs, were wheeled into position and belched their charges of iron slugs into the enemy barricade. Then the whole line, led by Sherman's men, sprang forward on the run, yelling, "Remember the Alamo!" "Remember Goliad!" All together they opened fire, blazing away practically point-blank at the surprised and panic-stricken Mexicans. They stormed over the breastworks, seized the enemy's artillery, and joined in hand-to-hand combat, emptying their pistols, swinging their guns as clubs, slashing right and left with their knives. Mexicans fell by the scores under the impact of the savage assault.

General Manuel Fernández Castrillón, a brave Mexican, tried to rally the swarthy Latins, but he was killed and his men became crazed with fright. Many threw down their guns and ran; many wailed, "Me no Alamo!" "Me no Goliad!" But their pleas won no mercy. The enraged revolutionists reloaded and chased after the stampeding enemy, shooting them, stabbing them, clubbing them to death. From the moment of the first collision the battle was a slaughter, frightful to behold. The fugitives ran in wild terror over the prairie and into the boggy marshes, but the avengers of the Alamo and Goliad followed and slew them, or drove them into the waters to drown. Men and horses, dead and dying, in the morass in the rear and right of the Mexican camp, formed a bridge for the pursuing Texans. Blood reddened the water. General Houston tried to check the execution but the fury of his men was beyond restraint.

An impression of the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 by contemporary artist Bruce Marshall

Some of the Mexican cavalry tried to escape over Vince's bridge, only to find that the bridge was gone. In desperation, some of the flying horsemen spurred their mounts down the steep bank; some dismounted and plunged into the swollen stream. The Texans came up and poured a deadly fire into the welter of Mexicans struggling with the flood. Escape was virtually impossible. General Houston rode slowly from the field of victory, his ankle shattered by a rifle ball. At the foot of the oak where he bad slept the previous night be fainted and slid from his horse into the arms of Major Hockley, his chief of staff.

As the crowning stroke of a glorious day, General Rusk presented to him as a prisoner the Mexican general Don Juan Almonte, who had surrendered formally with about 400 men. The casualties, according to Houston's official report, numbered 630 Mexicans killed, 208 wounded, and 730 taken prisoner. As against this heavy score, only nine Texans were killed or mortally wounded, and thirty wounded less seriously. Most of their injuries came from the first scattered Mexican volley when the attackers stormed their barricade. The Texans captured a large supply of muskets, pistols, sabers, mules, horses, provisions, clothing, tents and paraphernalia, and $12,000 in silver.

THE CAPTURE OF SANTA ANNA

Santa Anna had disappeared during the battle, and next day General Houston ordered a thorough search of the surrounding territory for him. In the afternoon Sergeant J. A. Sylvester spotted a Mexican slipping through the woods toward Vince's Bayou. Sylvester and his comrades caught the fugitive trying to hide in the high grass. He wore a common soldier's apparel round jacket, blue cotton pantaloons, skin cap and soldier's shoes. [With Sylvester in the capture of Santa Anna were Joel W. Robison, Joseph D. Vermillion, Alfred H. Miles and David Cole.] They took the captive to camp, and on the way, Mexican prisoners recognized him and cried, "El Presidente!" Thus his identity was betrayed; it was indeed the dictator from below the Rio Grande.

He was brought to General Houston, who lay under the headquarters oak, nursing his wounded foot. The Mexican President pompously announced, "I am General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and a prisoner of war at your disposition." General Houston, suffering with pain, received him coldly. He sent for young Moses Austin Bryan and Lorenzo de Zavala Jr. to act as interpreters. Santa Anna cringed with fright as the excited Texas soldiers pressed around him, fearing mob violence. He pleaded for the treatment due a prisoner of war. "You can afford to be generous," he whined; "you have captured the Napoleon of the 'West." "What claim have you to mercy?" Houston retorted, "when you showed none at the Alamo or at Goliad?"

Surrender of Santa Anna, by William H. Huddle

They talked for nearly two hours, using Bryan, de Zavala and Almonte as interpreters. In the end Santa Anna agreed to write an order commanding all Mexican troops to evacuate Texas. Later, treaties were signed at Velasco, looking to the adjustment of all differences and the recognition of Texas independence.

Thus ended the revolution of 1836, with an eighteen-minute battle which established Texas as a free republic and opened the way for the United States to extend its boundaries to the Rio Grande on the southwest and to the Pacific on the west. Few military engagements in history have been more decisive or of more far-reaching ultimate influence than the battle of San Jacinto.

Opposing Commanders' Reports

It is interesting to compare the accounts of the battle of San Jacinto written by leaders of the opposing Texan and Mexican forces.

Report of Secretary of War Thomas J. Rusk.

Secretary of War Thomas J. Rusk

General Sam Houston, in his official report of the engagement to President David G. Burnet, dated April 25, 1836, reviewed his movements during the three days preceding the battle:

Headquarters of the Army, San Jacinto, April 25, 1836.---
Sir I regret extremely that my situation since the battle of the 21st has been, such as to prevent my rendering you my official report of the same previous to this. I have the honor to inform you that on the evening of the 18th, after a forced march of fifty-five miles, which was effected in two days and a half, the army arrived opposite Harrisburg. That evening a courier of the enemy was taken, from whom I learned that General Santa Anna, with one division of his choice troops, had marched in the direction of Lynches Ferry, on the San Jacinto, burning Harrisburg as he passed down. The army was ordered to be in readiness to march the next morning. The main body effected a crossing over Buffalo Bayou below Harrisburg, on the morning of the 19th, having left the baggage, the sick and a sufficient guard in the rear. We continued the march throughout the night, making but one halt in the prairie for a short time and without refreshment.

At daylight we resumed the line of march, and in a short distance our scouts encountered those of the enemy, and we received the information that General Santa Anna was at New Washington and would that day take up the line of march for Anahuac, crossing at Lynches Ferry. The Texas army halted within half a mile of the ferry in some timber, and were engaged in slaughtering beeves, when the army of Santa Anna was discovered to be approaching in battle array, having been encamped at Klopper's Point, eight miles below. Disposition was immediately made of our forces and preparation for his reception. He took a position with his infantry and artillery in the center, occupying an island of timber, his cavalry covering the left flank. The artillery, consisting of one double fortified medium brass twelve-pounder, then opened on our encampment.

San Jacinto Liberty Flag of Sherman's Volunteers from Newport, Kentucky. Although there was no single banner representing the Texian Army at the time, of those that were probably displayed, this flag is most commonly associated with the Battle of San Jacinto. This banner was presented to Sherman's Newport Volunteers upon their departure for Texas by the ladies of Newport, Kentucky. Capt. Sherman's new bride, Katherine Isabel Cox, was chosen to make the presentation. Thousands are said to have waved the company off as they departed by steamer from Cincinnatti on the Ohio River. Legend says that Private James A. Sylvester was given a long red glove (a white glove in some accounts) by the daughter of the host at a departure dance just before leaving for Texas which he tied on the flag staff. It was said to be a "talisman" and inspired the ranks at San Jacinto.

Flying the flag, Sherman's regiment met Gen. Houston in Gonzales after the Alamo defeat and followed him into the Battle of San Jacinto.

The infantry in column advanced with the design of charging our lines, but were repulsed by a discharge of grape and canister from our artillery, consisting of two six-pounders. The enemy had occupied a piece of timber within rifle shot of the left wing of our army, from which an occasional interchange of small arms took place between the troops, until the enemy withdrew to a position on the bank of the San Jacinto, about three-quarters of a mile from our encampment and commenced fortifications. A short time before sunset our mounted men, about eighty-five in number, under the special command of Colonel Sherman, marched out for the purpose of reconnoitering the enemy. While advancing they received a volley from the left of the enemy's infantry, and after a sharp re-encounter with their cavalry, in in which ours acted extremely well and performed some feats of daring chivalry, they retired in good order, having had two men severely wounded and several horses killed.

In the meantime the infantry, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Millard, and Colonel Burleson's regiment, with the artillery, had marched out for the purpose of covering the retreat of the cavalry if necessary. All then fell back in good order to our encampment about sunset and remained without any ostensible action until the 21st, about 8:30 o'clock, taking the first refreshment which they had enjoyed for two days. The enemy in the meantime extended the right flank of their infantry so as to occupy the extreme point of a skirt of timber on the bank of the San Jacinto, and secured their left by a fortification about five feet high, constructed of packs and baggage, leaving an opening in the center of the breastwork in which their artillery was placed, their cavalry upon their left wing.

and then said:

"About nine o'clock on the morning of the 21st, the enemy were reinforced by 500 choice troops, under the command of General Cos, increasing their effective force to upward of 1500 men, whilst our aggregate force for the field numbered 783. At half-past three o'clock in the evening, I ordered the officers of the Texian army to parade their respective commands, having in the meantime ordered the bridge on the only road communicating with the Brazos, distant eight miles from the encampment, to be destroyed-thus cutting off all possibility of escape. Our troops paraded with alacrity and spirit, and were anxious for the contest. Their conscious disparity in numbers seemed only to increase their enthusiasm and confidence, and heightened their anxiety for the conflict.

Our situation afforded me an opportunity of making the arrangements Preparatory to the attack without exposing our designs to the enemy. The first regiment, commanded by Colonel Burleson, was assigned to the center. The second regiment, under the command of Colonel Sherman, formed the left wing of the army. The artillery, under special command of Colonel George W. Hockley, Inspector General, was placed on the right of the first regiment; and four companies of infantry, under the command of Lieut.Col. Henry Millard, sustained the artillery upon the right. Our cavalry, 61 in number, commanded by Colonel Mirabeau B. Lamar (whose gallant and daring conduct on the previous day had attracted the admiration of his comrades), completed our line. Our cavalry was first dispatched to the front of the enemy's left, for the purpose of attracting their notice, whilst an extensive island of timber afforded its an opportunity of concentrating our forces, and deploying from that point, agreeably to the previous design of the troops. Every evolution was performed with alacrity, the whole advancing rapidly in line, and through an open Prairie, without any protection whatever for our men. The artillery advanced and took station within 200 yards of the enemy's breastwork, and commenced an effective fire with grape and canister.

Mirabeau Lamar

"Colonel Sherman, with his regiment, having commenced the action upon our left wing, the whole line, at the center and on the right, advancing in double quick time, rung the warcry, 'Remember the Alamo!' received the enemy's fire, and advanced within point blank shot, before a piece was discharged from our lines. Our lines advanced without a halt, until they were in possession of the woodland and the enemy's breastwork, the right wing of Burleson's and the left of Millard's taking possession of the breastwork; our artillery having gallantly charged up within seventy yards of the enemy's cannon, when it was taken by our troops. The conflict lasted about eighteen minutes from the time of close action until we were in possession of the enemy's encampment, taking one piece of cannon (loaded), four stand of colors, all their camp equipage, stores and baggage. Our cavalry had charged and routed that of the enemy upon the right, and given pursuit to the fugitives, which did not cease until they arrived at the bridge which I have mentioned before---Captain Karnes, always among the foremost in danger, commanding the pursuers.

The conflict in the breastwork lasted but a few moments; many of the troops encountered band to hand, and, not having the advantage of bayonets on our side, our riflemen used their pieces as war clubs, breaking many of them off at the breech. The rout commenced at half past four, and the pursuit by the main army continued until twilight. A guard was then left in charge of the enemy's encampment, and our army returned with our killed and wounded. In the battle, our, loss was two killed and twenty-three wounded, six of them mortally. The enemy's loss was 630 killed….wounded 208 . . . prisoners 730."

MEXICAN VERSION OF BATTLE

General Santa Anna, in the memoirs of his old age, wrote a brief and untruthful account of the battle of San Jacinto, an alibi blaming General Filisola for the defeat. He said he had ordered Filisola to join him by forced marches, for the attack on Houston's army, and was waiting for the reinforcements when he found Houston camped on the San Jacinto. He continued:

"At two o'clock in the afternoon of April 21, 1836, 1 had fallen asleep in the shade of an oak, hoping the beat would moderate so that I might begin the march, (to find Filisola), when the filibusterers surprised my camp with admirable skill. Imagine my surprise, on opening my eyes, and finding myself surrounded by those people, threatening me with, their rifles and overpowering my person. The responsibility of Filisola was obvious, because be and only he had caused such a catastrophe by his criminal disobedience."

General Don Juan Almonte

This is somewhat at variance with an earlier report, in which Santa Anna recounted his own heroic efforts to rally his troops in the battle until "the new recruits threw everything into confusion, breaking their ranks and preventing veterans from making use of their arms, whilst the enemy was rapidly advancing with loud hurrahs, and in a few minutes obtained a victory which they could not some hours before, even have dreamed of."

Then, El Presidente went on:

"All hopes being lost, and everyone flying as fast, as he could, I found myself in the greatest danger, when a servant of my aide-de-camp . . . offered me his horse, with the tenderest, and most urging expressions insisted on my riding off the field. . . . I remembered that General Filisola was only seventeen leagues off, and I took my direction toward him, darting through the enemy ranks. They pursued me, and after a ride of one league and a half, overtook me on the banks of a large creek, the bridge over which had been burned by the enemy to, retard our pursuit."

Gen. Vicente Filisola

"I alighted from my horse and with much, difficulty succeeded in concealing myself in a thicket of dwarf pines. Night coming on I escaped them, and the hope of reaching the army gave me strength. I crossed the creek with the water up to my breast and continued my route on foot. I found, in a house which had been abandoned some articles of clothing, which enabled me to change my apparel. At eleven o'clock a.m., while I was crossing a large plain, my pursuers overtook me again. Such is the history of my capture. On account of my change of apparel they did not recognize me, and inquired whether I had seen Santa Anna. To this I answered that he had made his escape; and this answer saved me from assassination, as I have since been given to understand."

Colonel Pedro Delgado, of Santa Anna's staff, gave a more detailed and more accurate Mexican version of the battle. He told how Santa Anna, his staff and most of the men were asleep when the bugler sounded the alarm of the Texan advance. Some of the men were out gathering boughs for shelter; cavalrymen were riding bareback, to and from water. Continuing:

"I stepped upon some ammunition boxes the better to observe the movements of the enemy. I saw that their formation was a mere line of one rank, and very extended. In their center was the Texas flag; on both wings, they had two light cannons, well manned. Their cavalry was opposite our front, overlapping our left. In this disposition yelling furiously, with a brisk fire of grape, muskets and rifles, they advanced resolutely upon our camp. There the utmost confusion prevailed. General Castrillon shouted on one side; on another Colonel Almonte was giving orders; some cried out to commence firing; others to lie down and avoid the grape shot. Among the latter was His Excellency. Then already, I saw our men flying in small groups, terrified, and sheltering themselves behind large trees. I endeavored to force some of them to fight, but all efforts were in vain---the evil was beyond remedy; they were a bewildered and panic-stricken herd. The enemy kept up a brisk cross-fire of grape on the woods.

General Adrian Woll

Presently we heard, in close proximity, the unpleasant noise of their clamor. Meeting no resistance they dashed, lightning-like upon our deserted camp. Then I saw His Excellency running about in the utmost excitement, wringing his hands, and unable to give an order. General Castrillon was stretched on the ground, wounded in the leg. Colonel Trevino was killed, and Colonel Marcial Aguirre was severely injured. I saw also, the enemy reaching the ordnance train, and killing a corporal and two gunners who had been detailed to repair cartridges which had been damaged on the previous evening."

In a grove on the bayshore, Colonel Delgado said, the Texans wrought the worst carnage of the battle.

"There they killed Colonel Batres; and it would have been all over with us had not providence placed us in the hands of the noble and generous captain of cavalry, Allen, who by great exertion, saved us repeatedly from being slaughtered by the drunken and infuriated volunteers."

Additional Sources:

www.tsl.state.tx.us
www.texancultures.utsa.edu
www.neosoft.com
www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk
www.methodisthealth.com

On This Day In history

Birthdates which occurred on January 22:
1440 Ivan III the Great, Russian czar (1462-1505)/conquered Lithuania
1561 Francis Bacon England, statesman/essayist (Novum Organum)
1592 Pierre Gassendi Champtercier Provence, scientist/philosopher
1727 Claude-Benigne Balbastre composer
1788 Lord [George Gordon Noel] Byron England, romantic poet (Don Juan)
1802 Richard Upjohn US, gothic architect (Trinity Chapel, New York)
1826 [Merriwether] Jeff Thompson Partisan (Confederate Army), died in 1876
1858 Betrice Potter Webb England, economist
1858 Frederick Lugard British captain/baron (Congo)
1875 DW Griffith movie producer/director (Birth of a Nation)
1890 Fred M Vinson Kentucky, 13th Chief Justice of US Supreme Court (1946-53)
1899 Guido Kisch Czech/German/US historian (Jews in medieval Germany)
1906 Robert E[rvin] Howard US, sci-fi author (Conan the Conqueror)
1909 Ann Sothern [Harriette Lake], North Dakota, actress (Lady in a Cage, My Mother the Car)
1909 [Sithu] U Thant Burma, 3rd UN Secretary-General (1962-72)
1923 Diana Douglas Devonshire Bermuda, actress (The Cowboys)
1924 J J Johnson composer/jazz trombonist
1924 Margaret Whiting big band singer
1928 Birch Bayh (Senator-D-IN)
1929 Rita Gillespie TV director
1931 Sam Cooke Clarksdale MS, gospel & blues singer (You Send Me, Another Saturday Night, Twisting The Night Away)
1934 Bill Bixby San Francisco CA, actor (Incredible Hulk, My Favorite Martian)
1934 Graham Kerr chef (Galloping Gourmet)
1935 Pierre S Du Pont IV (Governor-DE)
1937 Joseph Wambaugh East Pittsburgh PA, police writer (Onion Fields)
1940 John Hurt England, actor (Elephant Man, Alien, Midnight Express)
1949 Steve Perry Hanford CA, vocalist (Journey-Open Arms, Oh Sherry)
1955 Thomas David Jones Baltimore MD, PhD/Astronaut (STS 59, 68, 80, sk 98)
1957 Mike Bossy NHL forward (New York Islanders)
1959 Linda Blair St Louis MO, actress (Exorcist, Chained Heat, Savage St)
1973 Deon Minor Paris Texas, 400m runner
1976 third voice born
1979 Melanie Winiger Miss Switzerland-Universe (1997)
1982 Kevin Sheridan actor (Soul Man)
2179 Hikaru Walter Sulu San Francisco CA.

Deaths which occurred on January 22:
1336 Louis III last Earl of Loon, dies
1552 Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset, beheaded for treason
1640 Erasmus Quellinus I Flemish wood carver, dies at about 55
1798 Lewis Morris US farmer (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at 71
1850 Vincenzo Pallotti Italian saint, dies at 54
1901 Victoria [Alexandrine], Britain's Queen (1837-1901), dies at 81
1922 Benedictus XV [Giacomo Markies D Chiesa], pope (1914-22), dies at 67
1950 Alan Hale Sr actor (The Seahawk, Yellowstone), dies at 57
1968 Duke Kahanamoku Hawaii, 100m swimmer (Olympics-gold-1912, 20, 24), dies at 77
1969 Judy Garland singer/actress (Wizard of Oz), dies at 48 of an overdose
1973 Lyndon B Johnson President (1963-69), dies at his Texas ranch at 64
1979 Ali Hassan Salameh [Abu Hassan], killed by car bomb; believed to have helped mastermind massacre of 1972 Munich Olympics athletes
1981 Fannie Thomas US, dies at 113
1992 Ali Amini PM of Iran (1961-62), dies
1994 Irving B Kahn inventor (teleprompter), dies at 76
1994 Telly Savalas actor (Kojak), dies of prostate cancer at 70
1995 Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy mother of President John F Kennedy, dies at 104
1996 Edward Thomas historian/intelligence expert, dies at 77
1997 Irwin Levine composer (Tie a Yellow Ribbon), dies at 58

Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1966 FORMAN WILLIAM S.---PIPESTONE MN.
1966 FRENYEA EDMUND M.---UKIAH CA.
[LOST AT SEA]
1966 GRISSETT EDWIN R.---SAN JUAN TX.
[REMAINS RETURNED 06/89]
1966 SENNETT ROBERT R.---MAR VISTA CA.
1966 TEMPLIN ERWIN B. JR.---HOUSTON TX.
1969 ROSS DOUGLAS A.---TEMPLE CITY CA.
[REMAINS RETURNED IDENTIFIED 03/06/98]

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

On this day...
0871 Battle at Basing Danish invasion army beats Ethelred of Wessex
1371 King Robert II Stuart of Scotland crowned
1510 Jews are expelled from Colmar Germany
1517 Turks conquer Cairo
1528 England & France declare war on Emperor Charles V
1575 English queen Elizabeth I grants Thomas Tallis & William Byrd music press monopoly
1584 Parts of Switzerland adopt Gregorian calendar (& parts in 1812)
1588 Pope Sixtus V decrees "Immense aeterni" (Reformed curia)
1673 Postal service between New York & Boston inaugurated
1689 Lord Halifax becomes Speaker of English House of Lords
1690 Iroquois tribes renew allegiance to British against French
1758 Russian troops occupy Königsberg, East Prussia
1760 Battle at Wandewash India British troops beat French
1771 Spain cedes the Falkland Islands to Britain
1775 Marshal Oscar von Lubomirski expels Jews from Warsaw Poland
1813 Americans capture Frenchtown, Canada
1814 1st Knights Templar grand encampment in US held, New York City NY
1816 Lord Byron completes "Parisina" & "The Siege of Corinth"
1837 Earthquake in southern Syria kills thousands
1850 Alta California becomes a daily paper, 1st such in California
1857 National Association of Baseball Players founded, NY
1859 Brahms' 1st piano concerto (in D minor) premieres, Hanover
1862 Confederate government raises premium for volunteers from $10 to $20
1863 Union General Burnside's "Mud March"
1879 James Shields (D) elected US senator from Missouri after previously serving as US senator from Illinois & Minnesota
1879 Zulus attack British Army camp in Isandhlwana South Africa
1881 Ancient Egyptian obelisk "Cleopatra's Needle" erected in Central Park
1890 José Marti forms La Liga (Union of Cuban exiles) in New York City NY
1895 National Association of Manufacturers organized in Cincinnati OH
1901 After 63 years England stops sale of Queen Victoria postage stamps series & begins King Edward VII series
1905 "Bloody Sunday"; Russian demonstrators fired on by tsarist troops
1924 KGO-AM in San Francisco CA begins radio transmissions
1924 Baldwin government resigns in England
1930 -35ºF (-37ºC), Mount Carroll IL (state record)
1932 British Anglicans & Old-Catholic church merge
1934 Dmitri Shostakovich's opera "Lady MacBeth" premieres in Leningrad
1936 French Laval government falls
1938 "Our Town", Thornton Wilder's Pulitzer-winner of small-town life in Grover's Corners NH, performed publicly for 1st time (New Jersey)
1939 Uranium atom 1st split, Columbia University
1941 1st mass killing of Jews in Romania
1941 British/Australian troops capture Tobruk from Italians
1943 Temperature rises 49ºF (9ºC) in 2 minutes in Spearfish SD
1944 Battle of Anzio (Italy); Allies stopped on the beach
1945 Burma highway reopens
1946 US President sets up CIA, Central Intelligence Agency
1947 KTLA TV channel 5 in Los Angeles CA (IND) begins broadcasting (1st commercial TV station west of Mississippi)
1951 Fidel Castro ejected from a Winter League game after beaning batter
1953 Arthur Miller's "Crucible" premieres in New York City NY
1957 Israeli forces withdraw from the Sinai Penisula
1957 Mad Bomber (George P Metesky) accused of 30 explosions, arrested
1959 USAF concludes less than 1% of UFO's are unknown objects
1960 Paul Pender beats Sugar Ray Robinson for middleweight boxing title
1964 World's largest cheese (15,723 kg) manufactured, Wisconsin
1965 US launches TIROS 9 weather satellite
1968 "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" premieres on NBC(you bet your bippy)
1968 Apollo 5 launched to Moon; unmanned lunar module tests made
1969 Orbiting Solar Observatory 5 launched into earth orbit
1969 Roy Campanella & Stan Musial elected to baseball Hall of Fame
1970 1st commercial Boeing 747 flight (Pan Am), New York to London in 6½ hours
1972 "Emergency" with Robert Fuller premieres on NBC TV
1973 George Foreman TKOs Joe Frazier in 2 for heavyweight boxing title

1973 Roe vs Wade US Supreme Court legalizes some abortions

1973 US, North & South Vietnam & Vietcong sign boundary accord
1975 Landsat 2, an Earth Resources Technology Satellite, launched
1976 Bank robbery in Beirut nets $20-50 million (record)
1980 Dissidents Andrei Sacharov & Jelena Bonner banished to Gorki
1982 75% of North America is covered by snow (more proof of global warming)
1985 -30ºF (-34ºC), Mountain Lake Bio Station, Virginia (state record)
1985 Cold wave damages 90% of Florida's citrus crop
1985 Kelly Hu, 16, of Hawaii, crowned 3rd Miss Teen USA
1988 Mike Tyson TKOs Larry Holmes in 4 for heavyweight boxing title
1989 Super Bowl XXIII San Francisco 49ers beat Cincinnati Bengals, 20-16 in Miami; Super Bowl MVP Jerry Rice, San Francisco, Wide Receiver
1992 Space Shuttle STS-42 (Discovery 15) launches into space
1992 Princess Sarah Ferguson wears paper bag over her head on airline ride (good)
1995 Palestinian bomb attack in Beit Lid Israel, 21-22 killed
1998 NHL's Minnesota franchise selects the nickname Wild

Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Ukraine : Ukrainian Day (1918)
China : Chinese New Year-The Year of the Monkey (2004/4702)
US : Answer Your Cat's Question Day
US : National Popcorn Day
National Yours, Mine and Ours Month

Religious Observances
Roman Catholic, Anglican : Memorial of St Vincent, martyr/patron of wine growers
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of St Anastasius, martyr
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of St Vincent Pallotti, Italian priest, founder

Religious History
1522 German Reformer Martin Luther wrote in a letter: 'Love cares for the problems of others as if they were one's own.'
1843 Birth of Friedrich Wilhelm Blass, German biblical philologist. His 1896 "Grammar of New Testament Greek" became a foundational work in New Testament studies, and is still in print.
1855 Birth of Carrie Ellis Breck, American Presbyterian poet. Several of her verses later became hymns, including "Help Somebody Today" and "Face to Face with Christ My Savior."
1882 The Fifth Street Presbyterian Church of Troy, New York, became the first church in America to be illuminated by electric lighting.
1963 Swiss Reformed theologian Karl Barth wrote in a letter: 'In Jesus Christ, God and man...are already at peace Ä not as enemies but as true companions. In Him salvation is already present and at work.'

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

Thought for the day :
"Might we not say to the confused voices which sometimes arise from the depths of our being: "People, be so kind as to speak only four at a time?" "

Question of the day...
What makes cheese so confidential that we actually need cheese shredders?

Murphys Law of the day...(Paradox of Selective Equality)
All things being equal, all things are never equal.

Astounding Fact # 56,092...
Dueling is legal in Paraguay as long as both parties are registered blood donors.