Posted on 07/03/2003 5:54:20 PM PDT by NinjaDetective
Consider Abraham: "He believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness."1
Avraham Avinu ("Our Father, Abraham") is terminology found frequently in Jewish and Rabbinic literature.2 It does not appear as such in the Tanakh (Old Testament). But the New Testament attests to it multiple times, in the Gospels, Acts, and Epistles.3 This should not surprise us since the theological reflections, traditions and terminology of the sages and rabbis informed the Jewish views of Jesus and his first disciples.4
Abraham was considered the first proselyte to Judaism, and subsequently became the patriarch of the Jewish nation. He is esteemed for many virtues, like wisdom, courage, passion, hospitality, generosity, and the determination to teach "his children and his household after him to keep the way of the LORD by doing what is right and just."5 But above all else, Abraham is venerated for his faith. He is the very embodiment of Habakkuk's famous declaration that, "The righteous shall live by his faith."6
For precisely this reason, Abraham is central to the theological reflection of the New Testament. For those of us who formerly were "Gentiles" (pagans), to be in Messiah by faith not only is to be engrafted into the covenant family of God, Israel, but to become part of the very seed of Abraham. We share in the covenants, promises and blessings conferred upon Abraham's offspring. Moses becomes our teacher (Moshe Rabbeinu), but Abraham is called our father (Avraham Avinu).
Clearly, then, we do well to reflect upon our family heritage and to ponder the patriarch of our faith. He has much to teach us - indeed, as believers in Yeshua we are called to "walk in the footsteps of the faith that our father Abraham had."7 What was his faith and how does it relate to the Almighty's covenant with him? Let us reconsider Abraham and his faith from a Hebraic point of view.
The Foundation of Faith Emunah is the Hebrew word for faith. In some important ways, it differs from its Greek correspondent pistis [pi/stij] and the English concept of "belief." Clarifying this can cast fresh light on the New Testament discussions of faith (such as the oft divisive dispute about "faith versus works"). It will help us to see Abraham, "the father of all who believe"8 in a new light as well, and edify our life in Messiah.
The first occurrence of emunah in all the Bible is found in the Torah, the 17th chapter of Exodus. Its use there sets a significant standard for all subsequent appearances of the term in Scripture, and illustrates an essential truth about faith from the Hebraic perspective. The setting in Exodus 17 is the unwarranted and malicious attack of Amalek against the just-redeemed children of Israel, on their way to rendezvous with their God at Sinai.
"So Joshua fought the Amalekites as Moses had ordered, and Moses, Aaron and Hur went to the top of the hill. As long as Moses held up his hands, the Israelites were winning, but whenever he lowered his hands, the Amalekites were winning. When Moses' hands grew tired, they took a stone and put it under him and he sat on it. Aaron and Hur held his hands up--one on one side, one on the other--so that his hands remained steady till sunset. So Joshua overcame the Amalekite army with the sword.9"
The key phrase is found in verse 12: "And his hands remained steady . . ." [vay'hi yadaiv emunah]. The word "steady" actually is the Hebrew word for faith, emunah. This important truth easily escapes English readers. So they miss that emunah fundamentally implies firmness, steadiness, steadfastness, persistence, fidelity or loyalty. In a word, the foundational Hebrew concept of faith is really faithfulness. Moses' hands remained "firm" until the going down of the sun, and through his "faithfulness" Israel triumphed over her foes. Faithfulness is the victory that overcomes the world.10 To the Hebrew mind, faith is more than belief in something; it is faithfulness to someone. Yes, emunah is related to the word for truth and it does imply trust or belief. But it is more than mental assent to truthful propositions or the confidence that comes from intellectual conviction. Faith is fully Hebraic only when it is fully faithful. Perhaps we could render it this way: it is "faith/fulness." Biblical faith is both trust and trustworthiness; both conviction and persistent determination. But it stands or falls on the foundation of faithfulness. "If you do not stand firm in your faith, you will not stand at all."11 To fail to see this is to fall short of the faith of our father, Abraham.
Belief, Faith & Abraham Consider Abraham. He believed God [v'he-emin ba-Adonai] and God reckoned or counted him righteous [tzedakah].12 "Believed" or "he'emin" is related to that wonderful Hebrew word Amen. The point might be emphasized this way: "Abraham 'Amen!-ed' God." Even demons believe that God is one, however.13 So what was distinctive and commendable about our father Abraham's faith?
Abraham believed in and trusted God, and God considered him righteous - because he lived by his faith/fulness. In other words, his faith was "perfected" or "completed" in his faithfulness.14 Abraham was firm in his commitment, so God could 'count on' him. He trusted God, and was trustworthy to Him. He staggered not, but was steadfast in his resolve and determined in his obedience to walk before the Lord.15 For many Christians, the questions, "Do you have faith in God?" and "Do you believe in God" are equivalent. Given the Greco-Roman orientation of our Western mindset, quite naturally we tend to reduce faith to belief - i.e., trust, conviction or assurance - about what is true. The Greek verb to believe, pisteuo [pisteu/w))], denotes the act of believing in or having confidence in something or someone. Right belief in fact is an essential component of New Testament teaching about faith. But as noted already, biblical faith is more than believing rightly in something; it is being steadfastly faithful to Someone - namely, the One who is faithful and true. The inspired apostolic writings that we call the New Testament emerged from within and built upon the Hebraic matrix of the Tanakh and Jewish theology. And central to that tradition is the emunah concept of faith.
El Emunah Faithfulness or emunah is one of the most treasured and trusted character traits of God Himself.
"O LORD God of hosts, who is like Thee, O mighty LORD? Thy faithfulness [emunah] surrounds Thee."16
On the last day of his life, Moses declares in prophetic utterance:
"For I proclaim the name of the LORD [YHWH]; Ascribe greatness to our God! The Rock! His work is perfect, For all His ways are just; A God of faithfulness [El emunah] and without injustice, Righteous and upright is He."17
Even in the midst of God's terrible judgment upon his rebellious children and even Jerusalem itself, the grieving prophet Jeremiah can find comfort in God' s covenant loyalty and faithfulness.
The LORD'S lovingkindnesses [hesed] indeed never cease, For His compassions never fail. They are new every morning; Great is Thy faithfulness [emunah]."18
That God's hesed and His emunah often are joined together in Scripture is not surprising. Hesed is the Hebrew concept that speaks of God's grace in seeking us out and initiating covenant with us, and then His loyalty and fidelity to the covenant so joined. Though Israel be fickle, He remains faithful because He is a God who abounds in hesed v'emunah. That is why at all times, but especially on the blessed Sabbath day,
"It is good to give thanks to the LORD, And to sing praises to Thy name, O Most High; To declare Thy lovingkindness [hesed] in the morning, And Thy faithfulness [emunah] by night . . ."19
Faith In/Of Jesus These central attributes of the God of Israel, of hesed and emunah, are demonstrated supremely in the person of His Son, Yeshua, and His work of the cross. Because of the Father's amazing grace and the Son's fervent faithfulness we are reconciled to the Father and joined to the family of God as adopted sons and daughters.
Nowhere is this grand revelation spoken of more decisively or eloquently than in Paul's epistle to the community of Jewish and non-Jewish believers in Rome. With our Hebraic understanding of faith/fulness, one of Luther's, and thereafter, Protestants' favorite faith texts from Romans can be illuminated even more.
"But now apart from the Law the righteousness of God has been manifested, being witnessed by the Law and the Prophets, even the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ for all those who believe . . ."20
The "faith" spoken of here, whose is it? The New Testament Greek is open to alternative readings: either "faith in Jesus Christ" or the " faith of Jesus Christ."21 To the Hebrew mind, such ambiguity is an asset, not a frustration. For the rabbinically trained apostle, Paul, both truths are essential to affirm. The latter part of the verse emphasizes that this "righteousness" or redemptive action of God to set matters right, is appropriated by "those who believe." On the other hand, the basis of their faith being efficacious is the "faith" of Jesus - His faithfulness unto death on a cross, as an atoning sacrifice for our sins. It is Jesus' faithfulness that saves us, and we appropriate it by faith.
Yeshua's act of obedience unto death saves us, not a mere act of mental assent on our part. We are not saved by our works, but we are saved by His - if we apprehend it by faith and apply it by faithfulness. His faith/fulness is reckoned or accounted to us by God as righteousness. Like His Father in heaven, Jesus abounds in grace (hesed) towards us; and like our father, Abraham, he walked by his faithfulness (emunah). He truly is the seed of Abraham,22 and therefore those in Messiah share in the covenants, promises and blessings granted to the great patriarch of our faith.
Faith as a Walk What then should be our response? How shall we live? The biblical pattern is clear and consistent in both testaments: God's gracious initiative must always be enjoined by faith/fulness on the part of His people. We are saved by His gift of grace, but in response our walk of faith/fulness is called forth. We must be doing the good deeds for which we have been created and covenanted in Messiah Jesus - works preordained by God, "that we should walk in them."23
Faith/fulness (emunah) is a walk, a journey characterized by steadiness, persistence, firmness, fidelity and loyalty. We have a role model for this kind of righteous living, the "man of faith" and the "father of the faithful," Abraham. We too shall be blessed if we "walk in the footsteps" of his faith/fulness.24
Habakkuk 2.4 is the pivotal axis upon which all New Testament theology turns. Not surprisingly, this text is viewed in Jewish tradition as one of the summarizing principles of the whole Torah. In other words, all 613 mitzvot can be summarized in a quintessential way by this one, consisting of only three words in Hebrew: v'tzadik be'emunatov yih'yeh. Literally, "the righteous, by his faithfulness - he shall live!"
This is the essence of biblical faith, and without this kind of faith, "it is impossible to please God."25 The Hebrews 11 Hall of Fame honors those righteous ones whose faithful lives and even deaths exemplified Habakkuk 2.4. Among them is Avraham Avinu. When reading this scripture, substitute the word faithfulness for the word faith for a fuller appreciation of our father.
"By faith Abraham, when he was called, obeyed by going out to a place which he was to receive for an inheritance; and he went out, not knowing where he was going. By faith he lived as an alien in the land of promise, as in a foreign land, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, fellow heirs of the same promise; for he was looking for the city which has foundations, whose architect and builder is God."26
"Lekh L'kha!" "Lekh Aharai!" The word from the Lord that came to Abraham to begin his journey was, "Lekh L'kha!".27 "Go-you-forth!"28 Lekh comes from the root, halakh, to go, to come, or to walk. It is the root of the important rabbinic term halakha - how the Jewish people walk or go forth with God in obedience to His commands as interpreted by their tradition.
More significantly, the command given to Abraham is related in Hebrew to the invitation extended by Jesus to those with hearts to be discipled: "Lekh Aharai!" "Follow me" is the usual translation, but literally it can be rendered, "Walk after me!" or "Go forth with me."
Abraham was sent forth of God on a mission; he responded in faith/fulness, and God made him the father of the people elected to represent Himself in the earth. In striking parallel, when "the fulness of the time came, God sent forth His Son,"29 Jesus, on a mission ordained from the foundations of the earth. He, too, walked by faith/fulness and accomplished that for which he was sent.
As a result of His righteous acts, we who believe receive adoption into God's family as sons and daughters. Through God's Son, Abraham becomes our father. Into our hearts, "God has now sent forth the Spirit of His Son . . . crying, 'Abba! Father!'"30 He then summons us to "Walk after Me!" - to follow the Son, to be discipled to Yeshua, in ever greater faith/fulness. In this way we follow in the steps of our father, Abraham. Let us consider well, therefore, the patriarch of our faith and imitate fully his faithfulness - to the glory of his God, who has become our God, the one, true and only God.
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