You have really stated my problem - the "basic beliefs of Catholicism." I've attended a lot of Christian churches. In almost every one of them, the "basic beliefs" have to do with things like God's love, the Trinity, guidelines for living a Christian life, guidelines for interaction with God and with other people, etc. Yet, somehow, whenever I get into a discussion with Catholics talking about their "basic beliefs" they are always referring to some isolated part of their dogma that is based upon some less-than-certain interpretation of Biblical language. In other words, the focus is on why they are different, and better (or more correct), than other Christians. And I cannot imagine how anyone can read the Gospel and conclude that this approach is what Jesus wanted.
Our dogma may seem "less-than-certain" to you, but
any interpretation of the Bible is just that, an interpretation. You have yours, we have ours. If you really want to understand Catholic dogma, I am sure there are many here who would be happy to discuss it with you.
However, may I suggest that you change your approach, because you come across as not just questioning, but as attacking, basic Catholic beliefs, and Catholics in general for "holding themselves above" other Christians. That will naturally bring out defensive behavior in others (and is why I rarely get involved in religious conversations on this forum). If your intent is to learn more about Catholicism you might want to contact a Catholic Church and ask about adult education classes. Most are geared toward those considering conversion, but if you spoke to the priest and explained that you are just interested in learning more about Catholicism because of your family, I'm sure they would be more than happy for you to attend.
Also, since I'm being so free with my (un-asked for) advice tonight...Go to church tomorrow, and watch the people there, listen to the Word. Try to appreciate the service without getting bogged down in the dogma. I think you will find more that you can agree with than you would expect.
O2