Oh yes, that’s definitely there. It’s said that because of disobedience Israel has forfeited the promises of God and that it’s now the “church” who is the new spiritual Israel and it has inherited the promises of God to Israel, because it’s the new spiritual Israel.
That was established in Catholic doctrine from way back in maybe around 300 or 400 AD and carried over in the Protestant Reformation, by default. It has produced “institutionalize anti-semitism” in the segment of the church that holds to this.
It’s also called supersessionism, too.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersessionism
You might also note that the majority of the Christian church, worldwide, holds to this ... and they are absolutely wrong!
Most Southern Baptist churches I went to taught that God would restore Israel to himself as he promised; and that the Church was made up of all believers from all tongues and tribes. However, the church was definitely not a replacement Israel in terms of what Israel becomes during the 1000 year reign of Christ!
Protestant churches I have attended do not preach this. I have no idea what Romans say.
Not "disobedience", but failure to "bear fruit", a theme that runs throughout the Gospels. For example John 15 and Luke 13.