The Pharisees certainly understood His claims about Himself. THEY understood it.
Jesus claimed it Himself.
John 8:58 Jesus said to them, Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I am.
Yes, yes, that is a fine example of what I meant when I said that through many, many passages we can come to know that Jesus is God.
We know that God told Moses to tell them I AM sent him and so we know that when Jesus says this of Himself, He is telling us that He is God.
But, that is not the same as calling Him God.
You keep harping on the fact that Scripture calls Mary the mother of Jesus and not the mother of God. It is the same thing, but Jesus is the name that Scripture uses to refer to Him, therefore, Scripture would not call Mary the mother of God, but the mother of Jesus because that is the name given to God the Son.