That's kind of the whole point of this section of the catechism. Christians, by virtue of our understanding of Christ and His Revelation have a more advantageous position regarding salvation than say a animist in some remote jungle. Conversely, the Jews enjoy a special relationship with the Lord which can never be supplanted by any other people. The Muslims, by virtue of their adherence to monotheism are more progressed theologically, than say a polytheist in Bangladesh.
The Church doesn't say "Muslims are in first place over the Jews" it says that in some way, God has called out to a people other than those called in the OT and NT. Imperfect as it may be, and it is highly defective, the Muslims believe that they believe in the same God as Abraham did. That's a start, and from there we trust that God has a plan for these people.
Wrong. God has called out only His elect from both the OT and the NT. The elect did not change from one testament to the next, but the true object of the elect's worship came into focus. The elect (and only the elect) are those whom God the Father predestined to believe in the Triune God of all creation, thus cleansing them by unmerited grace through the blood of Jesus Christ.
Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, To the praise of the glory of his grace, wherein he hath made us accepted in the beloved. In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace" -- Ephesians 1:4-7"According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love:
What??? Where is there scriptural support for the fact that there is such a thing "theological progression" for pagans (and Muslims ARE pagans)??? Muslims worship a black stone. So what if they worship one black stone instead of many?
I believe that your trust is misplaced, not on God, but on the proposition that God has a plan for Muslims other than His plan of salvation by grace through faith that he offers to all men and women including Moslems. God's plan for unrepentant Muslims is the same as his plan for all unbelieving sinners who reject his gracious offer of forgiveness for sin on the condition of confessing faith on the Lord Jesus Christ and the blood atonement for sin that He made on the cross at Calvary with His own sinless blood.
Muslims may believe that they worship the same God as Jews and Christians do, but they are 180 degrees wrong. The very real spiritual entity known to Islam as Allah is either Satan himself or Satan's chosen demon, who he has appointed to deceive and empower the people who had worshiped him as their moon god for centuries before Mohammed was born.
OTOH, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is the same triune God who came to earth in the womb of the virgin Mary as the divine Son of the divine Father and was rejected as the prophesied Messiah by Jacob's progeny. He died on a Roman cross as the sacrificial lamb of God in place of both Jewish and gentile sinners who will accept him as their Lord and place their faith and trust solely ON Him and His blood atonement as propitiation for their sin.
Muslims do not acknowledge Jesus as divine, they see Him as just another prophet of the Hebrew God Jehovah. Jesus Christ IS God, and incomprehensibly to the human mind, the Son of God as well. In either divine Person of the Trinity, He is the diametric opposite of the infernal demon known to Islam as it's god Allah. He has the power to save and preserve His saints, and He will eventually return to earth to rule over His chosen nation Israel as Messiah, and over all the earth with a rod of iron as King and Lord of all that He created.
During that time Allah will be chained in the lake of fire, and his unrepentant deceived followers will be paying the eternal penalty for their sin of rejecting Jesus as their Lord and Savior, and instead choosing to believe the blatant lie which Satan promulgated through the agency of his willing servant Mohammed.