If you want to cut to the chase, you might study Article I, Sections 8, 9 and 10. Section 8 gives Congress its basic functional powers, Section 9 provides the original limitations on those powers, and Section 10 provides some agreed limitations on the powers of the States. You will note, if you are honest, that there are parts of Section 10, which would be completely redundant, if basic rights were held to apply to all in the manner that you suggest. Your theories simply have no basis in the document you claim to respect.
Then you might go to Article IV, which deals with the protection of the citizen of one State, in conflict of law situations, with respect to other States, etc..
What the framers intended, they spelled out. They did not rely on your intuitive notions to make their points.
William Flax