Posted on 10/17/2002 7:42:42 AM PDT by pistola
Alexandria Library rises again after 1,600 years
By Andrew Hammond
CAIRO, Oct 15 (Reuters) - Egypt officially reopens this week one of the first and most celebrated centres of learning in human history -- the library of Alexandria whose ancient roots stretch back more than 2,000 years.
President Hosni Mubarak and some 3,000 dignitaries from around the world, including France's President Jacques Chirac, President Carlo Ciampi of Italy and Greece's President Costis Stephanopoulos, will attend the opening ceremony on Wednesday.
Officially called the "Bibliotheca Alexandrina", the resurrected library reflects all the ambition of a bold 20-year project costing $200 million with backing from the U.N. cultural body UNESCO and numerous countries.
The 11-storey edifice -- on the spot where scholars believe the ancient library stood before it was destroyed -- emerges from the ground as a giant disc tilting 20 degrees north towards the Mediterranean and forming a striking image when directly aligned with the sun.
Its southern-facing, windowless wall of granite carries engraved letters of most of the world's alphabets, a silent pledge to promote diversity, culture and unfettered learning.
Controversy has dogged the project since the beginning, from claims that valuable antiquities from the original Greek city of Alexandria were destroyed in the construction, to criticism that it amounted to an expensive gimmick which in itself does little to improve education in a developing country of 68 million.
But developments in information technology have offered the library a way out of the almost impossible task of building up a collection from scratch to rival the world's major libraries.
An initial target of eight million books has been shelved for a new focus on creating a state-of-the-art cyber-library, says the library's high-profile director, Ismail Serageldin.
"How many books you have is not that relevant. The issue of being at the forefront of building an electronic library becomes more relevant, and that's one of the reasons why we want to jump forward in the electronic realm," he said.
SPECIAL FOCUS
The library will also focus on certain areas of specialisation, backed up by holding major global seminars on issues in various fields of knowledge.
It has a lot to live up to. Previous luminaries included Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, St Mark and Manetho, who established today's system of classifying Egypt's Pharaonic dynasties.
The first effort at collection and classification of universal knowledge, the great library set up after Alexander the Great established the city in 332 BC saw the first translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek.
"We're looking for niches that can complement our work: the Mediterranean area, Arab world, sub-Saharan Africa, and ethics of science and technology," said Serageldin, a former vice chairman of the World Bank and candidate to head UNESCO.
"There are three things where we plan to be the best in the world and I will compete to be the best in the world in: the library has got to be the reference point on the ancient library, on Alexandria and on Egypt," he added.
DIFFICULT TIMES
The library's hope to become a new beacon of knowledge and understanding comes at a critical time in the Middle East.
Religious extremism has been on the rise in the Middle East in recent decades, casting an unwelcome spotlight on the region. Most of the alleged planners, backers and attackers of September 11 were Arabs, and many of them were Egyptians.
Violence also continues to plague the Middle East. An official opening planned earlier this year was delayed because of tension over Israel's attempts to crush a Palestinian uprising.
The liberal, Europeanised city which formed the backdrop for Lawrence Durrell's classic "Alexandria Quartet" novels and its tales of the twisted lives and loves of foreign and local elites has changed dramatically over the last 50 years.
Islamic groups are strong in a now sprawling city of six million whose economy struggles in the face of Cairo's domination. Egypt as a whole has become more conservative in recent decades and critics bemoan declines in public debate and civil society.
CENSORSHIP FEARS
But the government has tried to assuage fears that a wave of book censorships could affect the library by awarding it a special status which makes it answerable only to the presidency.
"My legal statutes are very clear -- they give me the right, the obligation...to collect all the product of the human mind. I do not expect much of a hassle," said Serageldin, an architect who has written on topics from Shakespeare to biotechnology.
"If you, as a devout fundamentalist Muslim, want to repudiate the Satanic Verses (of author Salman Rushdie), where would you get a copy?" he said, adding that many countries were witnessing debates on the proper limits of artistic and scientific endeavour.
"In the United States, people are debating whether Huckleberry Finn gives a stereotyped view of blacks. In some states you're forbidden to teach evolution," Serageldin said.
David Wardrop, a member of a worldwide network of experts who advised the library on acquisitions policy, said he was satisfied it would rise above censorship.
"The Egyptian parliament has ceded to the library's director such decision-making, who, by similar decree, is responsible only to the head of state. So, no national or local interfering," he said.
"Anyway, we feel the major components of the new library's collection will tend not to involve such sensitivities."
INTOLERANCE LED TO LIBRARY'S DEMISE
Alexandrians think the library could do a lot to revive the fortunes of the city that houses one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the Pharos lighthouse.
"People are very excited about it and everyone feels it is an asset," said radio announcer Hanan Samaha. "The library is encouraging cultural activities and encouraging children to come. This is something that has been missed in Alexandria."
Ironically, the original library saw its demise in an era of religious zealotry similar to that which greets its rebirth.
Philosopher and mathematician Hepatia, the library's last scholar, became an early martyr to learning when a Christian mob killed her in 415 AD as a symbol of a hated pagan era.
Modern Egyptian history is also replete with cases of thinkers who have had to endure exile, violence, prison and heavy censorship for their scholarship.
An Egyptian academic who argued for an allegorical reading of the Koran was forcibly divorced from his wife in 1996 on the grounds that his theories proved he was no longer a Muslim, and thus could not remain married to his Muslim wife.
Egypt's Nobel laureate author Naguib Mahfouz was stabbed by radical youths in 1995 because of a novel which the religious establishment had slammed as blasphemous.
The authorities have since prosecuted a number of people for forming groups which held unorthodox views on central Islamic tenets concerning prayer, pilgrimage and fasting.
Since the U.S. "war on terror" was unleashed after the September 11 attacks last year, some authorities in Egypt and other Arab and Muslim countries have feared that predictions of a clash of civilisations between East and West were coming true.
Egypt hopes the library could help counter such tensions.
"The Alexandrina returns to revive the spirit of tolerance and sharing human knowledge," the major daily newspaper al-Akhbar said in an editorial this week.
Dear Mr. Billius Drillius:
Our records show that the papyrus scroll you checked out in Augustus, AD 402, is overdue. Please remit the amount of 342,953 denari...
Dang it. The dog ate it in 1253, too...
Hm. Wonder if it includes Hebrew...
Oh, really. Obviously Mr. Serageldin doesn't know anything about the USA, our Constitution or what really happens here. Sad, that this eductated man is so ignorant about the worlds first among nations.
Philosopher and mathematician Hepatia, the library's last scholar, became an early martyr to learning when a Christian mob killed her in 415 AD as a symbol of a hated pagan era.
As with 99% of uses of "ironically" in modern reporting, he should have used its opposite, "coincidentally", instead. It was a nuthouse then, it's a nuthouse now, and it's been a nuthouse the whole time. Nothing approaching a surprise reversal here.
Be that as it may, this is perhaps a perfect example of a "half truth". From the quite accessible book "Fermat's Enigma" by Simon Singh: A few precious copies of the most vital books survived the Christian onslaught and scholars continued to visit Alexandria in search of knowledge. Then, in 1642, a Moslem attack succeeded where the Christians had failed. According to some historians, when asked what should be done with the Library, the victorious general, Omar, commanded that those books that were contrary to the Koran should destroyed, and furthermore those books that conformed to the Koran were superfluous and they too must be destroyed. The manuscripts were used to stoke the furnaces that heated the public baths, and Greek mathematics went up in smoke...
Its specualtive, but it indicates what goes around comes around.
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