There and Back Again: Apollo 12 part spotted?

SpaceRef.com ^ | September 11, 2002 | Paul Chodas

[cogitator]

Newly Discovered Object Could be a Leftover Apollo Rocket Stage

An analysis of the orbital motion of the newly discovered object J002E3 indicates that it could be a leftover Saturn V third stage from one of the Apollo missions, most likely the Apollo 12 mission, launched on November 14, 1969.

The new object was discovered on September 3 by Bill Yeung, who noted that it was moving quite rapidly. Initial orbit computations by the Minor Planet Center indicated that the object was only about twice as far away as the Moon, and was actually in orbit about our planet. This fact, combined with the rather faint intrinsic magnitude, immediately led astronomers to suspect that the object is actually a spacecraft or rocket body, not an asteroid. But the object could not be associated with any recent launch.

J002E3 is currently observable at magnitude 16.5; it is easily detectable in asteroid surveys, and even bright enough to be seen by many amateur astronomers. If it is a leftover piece from an old launch, why was it not discovered until last week? A backwards analysis of the orbital motion provides the answer: the object was apparently captured by the Earth from heliocentric orbit in April of this year. The capture occurred when the object passed near the Earth's L1 Lagrange point, a location where the gravity of the Earth and Sun approximately cancel. This point serves as "portal" between the regions of space controlled by the Earth and Sun. J002E3 is the first known case of an object being captured by the Earth, although Jupiter has been known to capture comets via the same mechanism. (For example, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which collided with Jupiter in 1994, had been captured by Jupiter decades earlier.)

Analysis of J002E3's pre-capture orbit about the Sun shows that the object was always inside the Earth's orbit, and that it may have come within the Earth's vicinity in the early 1970s or late 1960s. Many of the test cases in our analysis in fact passed through the L1 portal, back into Earth orbit (going backwards in time) during the early 1970s. In other words, this object was very likely orbiting the Earth during this period before escaping into the heliocentric orbit from which it was captured in 2002. It seems quite likely that this object is one of the Apollo Saturn S-IVB third stages which flew by the Moon during this era (Apollos 8 through 12). The brightness of J002E3 seems to match the expected brightness of an S-IVB stage. Further circumstantial evidence suggests that this object is in fact the Apollo 12 stage, which was left in a very distant Earth orbit after it passed by the Moon on November 18, 1969. This spent rocket body was last seen in an Earth orbit with a period of 43 days, not much different from J002E3's current orbit.

The future motion of J002E3 is also very interesting. A similar orbital analysis which takes into account the current orbit uncertainties shows that the object has a surprisingly large 20 percent chance of impacting the Moon in 2003. Such a lunar impact would not be unprecedented: NASA intentionally impacted five Apollo S-IVB stages on the Moon from 1970 through 1972 (Apollos 13 through 17), as an experiment to study the interior structure of the Moon. Looking further into the future is problematic, due to the chaotic nature of J002E3's orbit, but our current analysis shows the object to have about a 3 percent chance of impacting the Earth within the next 10 years. This should not be of concern to the public. Apollo stages have impacted the Earth before, in the 1960s, and the larger Skylab re-entered in the 1970s. (The even larger Mir Space Station was intentionally impacted into the Pacific Ocean in March 2001.)

Additional positional observations of this object are being received daily, and our knowledge and modeling of its orbit continues to improve. The collision probabilities mentioned above will change as we are able to make more precise predictions.

Animations showing how J002E3 was captured into its current chaotic orbit around the Earth are available on the Near-Earth Object Program website:

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov

[cogitator]

What we need is a good space-salvage operation. This is like finding the Titanic in space. And there are a bunch of other defunct satellites up there that could be captured as well. (I think there was a recent, serious, business proposal by someone to have a company that would capture non-functional satellites and refurbish them while in orbit. Can't remember where I saw that, though.)

[mvpel]

This is rather ridiculous. Apollo 12 was a Saturn V booster, not a Saturn IV-B, and only Apollos 8-10 and 13 flew by the moon, Apollo 11 was the first landing. You'd think that this would be something that every person capable of writing a coherent English sentence would know, but I guess I'm just reveealing myself as a space wonk.

[freedomcrusader]

Check out this site. The third stage of the Saturn V rocket is also known as S-IVB.

The Saturn V

[FReepaholic]

>>...This is rather ridiculous. Apollo 12 was a Saturn V booster, not a Saturn IV-B...<<

The third stage of the Saturn V was called the "S-IVB" stage.

[Jim Noble]

I believe that the IV-B designation describes the third (orbital escape) stage of a complete Saturn V.

[dd5339]

Way cool!

Semper Fi

[JoeU.S.]

J002E3 is currently observable at magnitude 16.5

"observable" is stretching it. Pluto would appear brighter then this thing.

[RonF]

Plenty of amateur astronomers have the equipment necessary to see a magnitude 16.5 object. A 12" reflector might do it, a 16" certainly would.

[farmfriend]

ping. Did you ever read that link I provided about Dr. Klager or do you still insist that the information I gave was somehow faulty? Don't care, just curious.

[Revelation 911]

you make the assumption that the person writing the article actually lived during the era - That aside, this is neat stuff - I miss those days. I collected apollo mission photos for years and unfortunately lost the collection some years ago - My music teacher had "ins" at the agency and eventually was a finalist for the Christa McAuliffe Challenger mission

[JoeU.S.]

"A 12" reflector might do it, a 16" certainly would. "

lol! Thanks for reminding me how small a man I am. (in terms of apateure size)

[Paradox]

Um, if you'll recall, it was the third stage that boosted the Apollo's towards the moon. Then it separated from the LEM/Command module. The third stage then goes past the moon, the command module fires its engines to go into lunar orbit. So indeed, the third stage goes go past the moon.

[Constitution Day]

An analysis of the orbital motion of the newly discovered object J002E3 indicates that it could be a leftover Saturn V third stage from one of the Apollo missions, most likely the Apollo 12 mission, launched on November 14, 1969.

Space Joo mystery solved?

[Denver Ditdat]

only Apollos 8-10 and 13 flew by the moon

Apollo 9 was a test of the lunar module in high earth orbit.

[jennyp]

In this article the reporter mentions a second natural moon, called "Cruithne".

1. We've got a second moon??? Whassup wid Dat?

2. How do you pronounce "Cruithne"?

[RightWhale]

maybe set up a mining operation in the astroid belt

We should get started; no reason to wait, excepting start-up capital and licensing.

[cogitator]

That is majorly bizarre. Don't know how to pronounce it, but here's more information on it.

More Moons Around Earth? It's not so loony

A Google search on "Cruithne" yields more information.

[cogitator]

Croo-EEN-ya