Posted on 11/28/2001 4:13:52 AM PST by shrinkermd
ONE OF THE GREAT ASSETS of the academic left is its ability to invent and teach a synthesis, a systematic distillation of leftism into a convenient package. Once mastered, this synthesis can be relied upon to give the adherent a left-wing analysis of anything from Strategic Missile Defense to poetry. Marxism once fulfilled this role for a great many, but for the past 15 years or so, the ascendant school of sophistry has been deconstructionism. So it’s worth getting a grip on how this philosophical con-game works and why it’s false.
Deconstructionism originally came from France in the ‘70s. It is also known as poststructuralism, but don’t ask what structuralism was, as it was no better. It is based on the proposition that the apparently real world is in fact a vast social construct and that the way to knowledge lies in taking apart in one’s mind this thing society has built. Taken to its logical conclusion, it supposes that there is at the end of the day no actual reality, just a series of appearances stitched together by social constructs into what we all agree to call reality. But not agree voluntarily, for society has (this is the leftist bit) an oppressive structure, so we are pressured to agree to that version of reality which pleases the people in charge. (If you specialize in studying this pressure, you are a member of the Michel Foucault school of deconstructionism.)
One of the clearest signs that deconstructionism is a con is that it is invariably expressed in the most complicated possible language, not the clearest, a sure sign that the writer is trying to sound clever rather than convey information. The summary I have just given would take months to extract from the average deconstructionist. The effort required to glean the actual meaning from their spaghetti tangles of run-on sentences, larded with a standard repertoire of tortured constructions and verbal tics, is a kind of hazing ritual required for initiation into the deconstructionist illuminati.
They have a number of these standard verbal tics by which they can be recognized. Gratuitous plurals are one, as in "homosexualities," a favorite term intended to convey the great insight that not all homosexuals are alike. But not even Jerry Falwell thinks this! When I saw the home decorating section of the New York Times Sunday Magazine headlined "domesticities" a few months ago, I knew for sure that some deconstructionist young pup had finally made it to the editorial chair.
The deconstructionist account differs from the Marxist one in that, while Marx believed that what we think is a product of our role in the economic system, deconstructionism prides itself on recognizing that there are lots of other systems besides economics forcing us to think this way and that. But in practice, it is very easy to write deconstructionist analysis that just harps on the economic angle, so much of deconstructionism is just cultural Marxism. Cultural Marxism (what Tom Wolfe calls Rococo Marxism) is to be distinguished from ordinary Marxism, which is about revolutions and socialism and boring things like that. Cultural Marxism is way too cool for that. It is popular with hip young academics who have read Solzhenitsyn, seen the Berlin Wall come down, like shopping at Crate & Barrel, but still want a philosophy that will distance them from bourgeois society and all those tasteless squares. (The sight of Marxists worrying about tastelessness would have reduced Lenin to a fit of giggles, but that’s another issue.) Cultural Marxism enables one to simultaneously sneer at popular culture, satisfying one’s elitist impulses, while taking a populist attitude towards it, because pop culture isn’t the fault of the populace but of the Big Bad Bourgeoisie, or in a more sophisticated formulation, of the system of which the BBB is the leading element. So Marxism tends to be a toy that deconstructionists pick up and put down at will. (If you emphasize the way in which the system has a mind of its own that is bigger than the BBB who run it, you are a member of the Hardt-Negri school, as epitomized by their wildly popular new book Empire.)
You may wonder how left-wing all this is, if these people are busy critiquing our consciousness of reality rather than trying to overthrow the state or achieve equality. In fact, some deconstructionists are apolitical, and serious leftists have been known to complain about this. They accuse the deconstructionists of playing abstract intellectual games while there is revolutionary work to be done. Intelligent leftists like Alan Sokal, a card-carrying Sandalista physicist at New York University, have belligerently attacked deconstructionism because it leads, if taken seriously, to the conclusion that leftism is just another social construct to be deconstructed. It seems leftist to start with, but it eventually devours itself. The deconstructionists ran afoul of him by straying into what can only be described as the literary criticism of physics, an endeavor which ended up making physics as much a rat’s nest of opinion as the most gaseous poetry criticism. He got a parody of deconstructionist analysis, "The Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity," published in a deconstructionist magazine, Social Text, without telling them it was a parody just to prove how stupid this all is.
Deconstructionism is obsessed with finding contradictions in our socially-constructed picture of reality. It takes these contradictions as proving that reality is a social construct, because if our picture were actually true, it wouldn’t contradict. (Marxists say that contradictions in the organization of our economic system produce these contradictions in our thinking and that the process of working out these economic contradictions will eventually work out the intellectual ones.) Deconstructionists who devote themselves to ferreting out how deeply these philosophical wrinkles are embedded in the structures of thought belong to the Jacques Derrida school. Martin Heidegger (a Nazi party member and author of books with titles like What is a Thing?) makes his appearance here as the grandmaster of ferreting out deep metaphysical contradictions in our structures of thought.
All this make you dizzy? It’s supposed to. Deconstructionists believe in something called the decentered subject, which is basically what you get when you treat the human self as just another social construct. Try thinking about yourself this way. See what I mean?
Deconstructionists think that they are the first people in the history of the world to see things correctly. But they aren’t even the first people to see things the way they see them. The Greek sophists that Plato jousted with 2,500 years ago held essentially their views; see Plato’s dialogue Gorgias. Michel Foucault (the bald Frenchman who died of AIDS) thought he was the first person to figure out that social order is maintained not just through "hard" coercion like the police but through an intricate web of "soft" coercions that make us behave through the pressures of conformity and culture. But does any precocious eighth grader not grasp this intuitively?
The central trick, the key sleight-of-hand, that makes deconstructionism plausible enough to fool people into believing it is this: gather up all the attributes of reality that are confusing, uncertain, controversial, or paradoxical, and claim that all of reality is this way. But the existence of gray areas does not refute the existence of black and white. Most of reality is very solid, even if there are margins that are not.
Deconstructionism’s love of social constructionism creates a disdain for nature. Deconstructionists have a notoriously nerdy (this is really what it is, sorry) view of sex because they are obliged to insist that all social differences are social conventions with no basis in nature. I have heard them come dangerously close, when verbally barreling on so fast they don’t have time to stop, to saying that physical sexual differences are a social construct.
Deconstructionism is notorious for lynching philosophical straw men. They love to pounce on other thinkers and say, "Aha! There you have an Enlightenment Assumption," meaning a dubious idea from the eighteenth century. But the Enlightenment was 200 years ago, and I have yet to see any dubious idea thus pilloried that people actually believe today, except for those that are baldly true.
One of the ironies of deconstructionism is that while it is obsessed with the idea of social constructs, it knows very little about actual construction of anything. I cannot help observing that the Empire State Building is manifestly a social construct, in that it was constructed by a society. This does not seem to result in its being any less real. Does it not follow, if the world is a social construct, that what we have constructed, exists?
One of the sad things about deconstructionism as a philosophy is that, to their credit, America’s actual philosophy departments in the universities aren’t very interested in it and tend not to teach it. Deconstructionism is big in English, anthropology, and anything else that studies culture, but not in philosophy itself. (You can verify this in the online course catalogue of your local college.) The reason, of course, is that if one is fully explicit about it as a philosophy, its problems very quickly come to the surface and it looks stupid. You have to expound it bit by bit, never getting down to brass tacks or showing the whole thing at once, for it to seem plausible. Only in the subjective thickets of the English department can it thrive, much as Marxism lives on there after having died in the Economics departments. Someone needs to tell the English departments of America to butt out of other people’s disciplines that they don’t understand.
One of the most comical things one can do with deconstructionism is apply it to itself. For example, one favorite deconstructionist idea is that, to put it bluntly, words have no meaning. (They call this the infinite play of the signifier.) I like to ask them whether they think this applies to tenure contracts, specifically theirs. Or to the writing on their paycheck. If you are in college or know someone who is, try asking this question, or try having it asked, to a professor who believes in this stuff. I am collecting responses to be published in a future article.
It has been said that Deconstructionism is the opiate of an obsolete intellectual class. Non-technical intellectuals, having deliberately rejected their natural role of inculcating our cultural heritage into the next generation, have nothing to do and are frustrated at seeing that all the rewards for intellectual activity in our society flow to the technical intelligentsia and the producers of mass culture. Since they don’t value our heritage as heritage, they have only two sources of satisfaction left: corrupting the young and feeling smarter than everyone else. Deconstructionism is perfect for corrupting the young because it is the ideal way to systematize the general cynicism and disrespect for authority that are the natural condition of contemporary college youth. It raises to the level of a philosophical system the intuition that everything grown-ups do is a fraud. It is the metaphysics of Holden Caulfield. It enables the practitioner to tell himself that he is among the privileged group of insiders who know that the Wizard of Oz is behind the curtain.
This is wonderful stuff to contemplate in a café in Berkeley or Cambridge with a cup of cappuccino in one hand. It suggests a whole philosophy of life, a certain attitude, even a lifestyle. It was once remarked that deconstructionist women all seem to wear no makeup and their hair tightly pulled back to embody the astringent zeal of deconstructionism and its refusal to be taken in by the surface prettiness of culture. I’m not sure this is true, but deconstructionists’ apartments tend to be decorated with a lot of ironically vulgar things, like corny advertisements, suggesting that this object could only be here because, although worthless in its own right, its owner enjoys knowing the secret mechanism that produces it and laughs at the peasants who fall for this stuff naively. It could be my imagination, but I think I perceive the biggest vogue for deconstructionism among people who have moved to the great centers of culture from the to them hopeless heartland and whose desire to be members of the culture club is greatest. The sort of people who actually find it thrilling, rather than oddly without point, to find concepts of nosebleed levels of esotericism littering ordinary comic novels like David Foster Wallace’s Infinite Jest. It’s a wonder they haven’t perfected a secret handshake.
Deconstructionism is essential to the Left because the proposition that there is no real world is the only remaining way to save the manifold absurdities of liberalism. Forests have been leveled and careers spent in mastering this cult; their investment in it is enormous and they can ill-afford its discrediting. Conservatives must become more philosophic and undertake deliberate acts of intellectual aggression on the abstract plane. We are being attacked there, for heaven’s sake, so it’s time to fight back, particularly since our own philosophic heritage is more than strong enough to beat it. We must constantly reiterate that the intellectually-advanced opposition does not believe in a real world and that they teach this nonsense to impressionable young people. We must deprive them of the intellectual prestige of being sophisticated and of the credibility with this public that this produces. We must deprive liberal academics of their status as privileged arbiters of our culture. This really is a battle we can win if we will but make it an issue.
Note: Click here for an article about the way deconstructionism has attracted the favorable attention of some evangelical Christians for the weak reason that it deconstructs a few modern shibboleths they despise. If this is a trend, it must stop right now. I can imagine no more certain way to guarantee the intellectual suicide of Christianity in this country than to infect it with this nonsense. Under deconstructionist assumptions, Christianity is just another social construct, not the revealed truth. No amount of intellectual squirming can evade this conclusion, which is entailed by the fundamental principles of this philosophy. If sin and salvation are social constructs, God has nothing to do with them. If God is a social construct, there is no reason to worship Him.
Robert Locke resides in New York City. You can e-mail him at lockerobert@hotmail.com. Others of his articles may be found on vdare.com and robertlocke.com.
What I am to myself is much more than what I am able to articulate. On that we agree. But socially, what I am as others may know me, is limited by what they see me do and hear me say. That's what I meant, even if I didn't articulate it very clearly.
The rationalist project was built on this very assumption. Read the first sentence of Descarte's Mediations and you'll get a paraphrase. Read Hume's Inquiry in Human Understanding , he's on the same boat. What was Kant's program but to boil down the entire complex of human thought to find the essential and basic conditions for rational thought. And then the fatal mistake: (which, I remind you, post-modernism has pilloried) once the circle of reason was drawn, the circle of mankind's identity was drawn. Lo and behold, this too can be found way back in time, but not with a sophist, in Aristotle's Ethics : what is man but what he can think!
And then the author above gives us this:
Deconstructionism "love to pounce on other thinkers and say, "Aha! There you have an Enlightenment Assumption," meaning a dubious idea from the eighteenth century. But the Enlightenment was 200 years ago, and I have yet to see any dubious idea thus pilloried that people actually believe today, except for those that are baldly true.Well, for all that, I too love to pounce on the Enlightenment assumption. And if we don't all become post-modern soon, we will destroy ourselves. I'll pillory the ascendancy of reason because that is the one that is especially "badly true."
So true. And, may I say, so rare.
PHew! This is an interrogation! I stated the fatal mistake: It was drawing the circle of reason and then identifying it with the identity of mankid: we are our consciousness and that's it. We are what we think.
What is the Enlightenment? I quote a favorite author of mine:
"The Age of Reason has received its name, not because it was particularly reasonable, but because the thinkers of the eighteenth century believed to have found in Reason, capitalized, the substitute for divine order." --Eric Voegelin (from the thread An answer to the question "What is Enlightenment"A synthesis of post-modernism? Or do you want a summary? A synthesis implies a conflux of two or more strains. The fact that we are now in a post-modern age (everything after Hegel)need not imply there is any synthesis. Old views die hard: witness the influence of the middle ages in Europe (they have the monolithic witness of castles that will not go away). A summary? That it has given up the ghost on the Enlightenment project.
that we forgive seventy times seven.
Right on Mom!
You strike the belly of the beast. The positivist believes the thing itself exhausts its own meaning. With regard to language, it claims that words signify (mean) nothing more than what they say. With regard to human beings, they are no more than their own highest faculty.
Brilliantly done, logos. You take the "vapors" of speculation and make them "actual" in a way that many thoughtful people can relate to, because they've experienced what you're talking about. But then maybe they couldn't "put it into so many words," as you have done.
Hey, when someone's stealing your language -- as the deconstructionists plainly are trying to do -- how much value will a word have as a carrier of objective meaning before too long?
And, absent words that have clear meanings -- because they signify actual phenomena in the reality of human experience -- what does "communication" mean? Communication can only take place by means of words, the stability of whose meanings depends on clear references to real objects.
When language can be detached from real objects, Presto-Changeo-ed! at will, then there is no longer a stable system of symbols by means of which human beings can communicate with, and be understood by, each other.
Then take it to the next level: If communication is destroyed -- then don't we ALL become mere "monads?" That is, totally detached subjective consciousnesses, removed from the stream of Reality, spiritual, natural, and social? And if that were the case, could we still describe ourselves as "human?"
Oh, forgive me -- I forgot: "Human" is just another contentless word under the deconstructionist dispensation. The phrase "interchangeable cog in the universal machine" would do just as well.
And BTW, you can kiss freedom goodbye at that point: mere utilitarian (and more-or-less interchangeable) parts of the Machine don't need freedom: They just need regular maintenance.... And the best part is, once they've been fully "depreciated," you can always sell them for scrap.
Still, I stand by my guns here, logos: This "pneumatopathology business" pretty much accounts for the antirationalism and even anti-Life posture of these ideologues who cannot abide the natural order -- because they know, deep-down, that it is God's order. And they hate God, beecause they think He is illegitimately infringing on the scope they need to manifest their "personal possibilities." (Your typical "monad" doesn't give a good d*mn about anything that isn't "personal" -- and that includes the real well-being of himself, his neighbor, his society, or his civilizational order.)
In short, IMHO you are absolutely right: The deconstructionists and positivists have "retranslated" personal responsibility and accountability as the mandate of "self-actualization." Thank the Comtes, Derridas, and Foucaults of this world, and their seemingly limitless epigones for this miracle of mass insanity....
So you are right, IMHO, to find the culprits of this devastatingly destructive deed, this "overcoming of the tyranny of human language" (my conceit), in people who work full-time in the Ivory Towers of Academe, with highly rumunerative compensation packages. They play into the echo chamber of the mass media, and so-called "elite" (read: cocktail party) opinion. This constitutes the Zeitgeist in which humanity is now committing mass suicide....
I would like to tell these people: Please, please: Just get a life.
They would think, perhaps, that I was speaking "figuratively." (What else is there but the "figurative," if language itself is "relativistic?") Little do they know, my intended meaning is quite literal, indeed.
But since these folks "don't live in the same world I do" -- since they think that language is malleable, pliant and susceptible to the vagaries of human will alone; that is, that it does not refer to real, objective things -- they'd find a way to evade my clear and quite pointed meaning, I'm sure.
What a world we live in. God bless you, logos, and all the rest of us. And may He help us, too. (We need it, right about now.) -- bb.
But language is malleable, and it is susceptible to the vagaries of human will (and what else?). And it does refer to real objective thing (although there is variation here) the critique of language has come out of the bankruptcy of rationalism that thought that the language could exhaust the thing: but it can't, and therefore its reference to things is somewhat ambivalent.
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