For words they don't know, they spell out the word, phonetically.
And for new readers, all words are words they don't know.
Doesn't seem that complicated...
My daughter started reading around age 3. She graduated college last year with a degree in Nursing.
“Eee. ahh ooh ah ah, ting tang walla walla bing bang”
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English is basically a phonetic language and with not many exceptions words are pronounced pretty much as written. The whole word method teaches reading the way Egyptian and Chinese are taught…memorizing word pictures. It makes no sense, but yet the look say method persists despite decades of failure.
My older brother and sister were taught reading with the look say method and both struggled with reading. I fortunately was taught with phonics. Our son was taught phonics by his first grade teacher. However, when our daughter had her as a first grade teacher, she was pressured to not teach the kids phonics. Big difference in my kids reading skills.
I think one of the reasons this failed look say method continues is the total lack of serious scholarship in EdD programs. Educational “scholars”, e.g. “Dr” Jill Biden, are clueless about evaluating outcomes.
I was taught to “sound it out” and was reading novels at 5. I kid you not.
Sat on my dad’s knee and he read the newspapers to me, especially the funnies.
When I hear about the poor reading (and math and anything else scores) of black children, I have to wonder how many of them have parent(s) who read to them? How many of them have books in the house? I know for a fact that many of them don't even have a public library card---I had to tell them where their nearest public library was and how to get a card in the science classes I taught. They also didn't seem very interested in reading. They'd rather see the video. They don't realize how very limiting poor reading and writing skills are in our modern world.
Plenty of kids learn to read without phonics.
Problem really is that the teachers are stupid and there only to keep kids as indoctrinated and stupid as they are.
Litersee be rayciss....