he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
-Article II Section II
Liberal Judge's tortured and convoluted interpretation of this direct and clear language: "The founders, in recognizing that pardons could not apply to impeachment, implicitly are acknowledging the supremacy of congress in the pardon function. Therefore in cases where congress places specific guidance on how the President shall exercise the pardon power, it is merely a manifestation of the power placed in congress to prevent pardons in the case of impeachment. Thus limitations can be made by congress on pardons."