To say I was shocked, shocked, was an understatement!
I lived in France for a year as an exchange student. While many restaurants and cafés had those hole-in-the-floor "toilets", houses and schools had real bathrooms. Actually, the bathroom is exactly that: the room where the bath is. There is a separate room for the toilet.
In Spain (where I lived for 3 years), the toilet is in the bathroom like it is in the US. They also had those holes in the floor in some restaurants and bars.