The standards were arbitrary and not based in any sense of reality.
VW complied with the law -
“when the test equipment is hooked up, the engine shall emit no more than X of substance Y”.
They complied.
Agreed! So what is the issue?
Unless they gave the bogus data to our federal government in order to comply with some regulatory requirement.
This was my thought. If the cars meet the standards at time of testing,doesn’t that meet the letter of the law? The other thing is the oppressive ideas from the gov’t./EPA. Do these people have a clue what they are doing? They are supposed to be working for us,not the other way around.