Not sure that there is a test you could give to “filter” those out - because a degree in Engineering is to a great extent a demonstration that “I have learned to learn”.
For example, my High School was exceptionally poor at most technical classes. Our “Math” teachers were hired based upon their ability to coach sports. Often, the students would have to teach the teacher in subjects like Algebra - forget Calculus. Our bone-headed high school teachers couldn’t master basic Algebra, Geometry or Trig.
Naturally, I paid dearly for their incompetence; but they apparently were really good at coaching basketball - you know, the important stuff.
Me, I’m happy to learn - and I’m a quick study. Being able to grasp complex subjects quickly and move on has served me well. I do wish I understood the higher level maths better - but I put my head down, passed the course and haven’t used the course material in my 25 yrs as an engineer.
What matters is the aptitude, the attitude and the ability to break a complex problem down into a hierarchy of simple challenges. Everything else can be learned, as needed.
There are engineering certification tests (for example Professional Engineer) and so it’s not impossible; and anyhow being unable to use book formulas properly should be a sure disqualifier. It won’t eliminate all the dunces but at least the duller ones will not be able to ruin it for the rest.