This document has been updated : please check for the latest version at lenr.qumbu.com

1. Breaking news

A new test had just been released, with pictures of a smaller 5KW device with and without shielding and insulation.

Swedish physicists on the E-cat: “It’s a nuclear reaction”

“In some way a new kind of physics is taking place. It’s enigmatic, but probably no new laws of nature are involved. We believe it is possible to explain the process with known laws of nature,” said Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics and a lecturer at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology and chairman of the Swedish Skeptics Society.

The new trial was conducted in much the same way as the trial in January, and lasted for nearly six hours. According to observations by Kullander and Essén, a total energy of about 25 kWh was generated.

Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardocorp, Bologna 29 March 2011.

Participants: Giuseppe Levi, David Bianchini, Carlo Leonardi, Hanno Essén, Sven Kullander, Andrea Rossi, Sergio Focardi. Travel report by Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander, 3 April 2011.

Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh from any fuel in a 50 cm3 container can be ruled out. The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.

Note : also need to add nickel/hydrogen to the materials.

1.1. Photos

Fig 5 Fig 2 Fig 4 Fig 3

During the running we used the rightmost one of the devices, figure 4, which is surrounded by a 2 cm thick lead shield, as stated by Rossi, and wrapped with insulation, figure 5. We had free access to the heater electric supply, to the inlet water hose, to the outlet steam valve and water hose and to the hydrogen gas feed pipe. The total weight of the device was estimated to be around 4 kg.

They DID inspect the vertical arm by unwrapping the insulation. (Fig 4)

They did NOT state that they had access to the Horizontal Arm of the unit that was actually used for testing. Fig 2,5 -- nor do they provide a photograph showing the insulation and the lead shield of the horizontal arm.

I read "As stated by Rossi" as "He said so and we believed him" -- not that "he previously stated it but we inspected it".

Fig E
Ruler rotated in photoshop

The total volume of the REACTOR was estimated as a cylinder:

Reactor cylinder, length: 6.00 cm diameter: 7.00 cm
volume: 179.59 cm3 = 0.1796 L Since the horizontal arm was NOT inspected, I have estimated its volume:

Fig F1

Scale ruler from fig D onto Fig B = 10cm Fig F2

Repeat for Length of Horizontal arm = 30cm (Any foreshortening would over-estimate the length.)

Fig F3

Scale rule to diameter of reactor = 7 cm

Fig F4

Step and Repeat for diameter of horizontal arm = 25cm

Horizontal Arm : cylinder, length: 30.00 cm diameter: 25.00 cm
volume: 14725.78 cm3 = 14.7258 L

I should also estimate the volume of the "steam outlet" section.

Preliminary Conclusion:

Because the horizontal arm was NOT inspected "unwrapped", we have to assume it contained FAKE material. The 6 hour test was NOT long enough to eliminate all of the fakes.

2. Abstract

A new "Cold Fusion" device was recently demonstrated at the University of Bologna, Italy on Jan 15, 2011. Unlike the Pons and Fleischmann setup, which uses Palladium and Deuterium and can take months to perform an experiment, the Rossi/Focardi eCAT uses Hydrogen and Nickel, produces large amounts of power (more than 10kW), and can be turned on and off on command.

A total of three experiments were performed : One in December 2010 by a panel of independent scientists (led by prof Levi), one in January 2011, attended by the same scientists and invited press, and one in February 2011 attended only by Levi, and for which a formal report has not been issued.

This paper attempts to prove that the Rossi/Focardi device is real, by ruling out all known fakes. For any particular fake the total energy and run-time is computed, assuming that the ENTIRE unknown volume is occupied by the fake material, and that its conversion to heat energy is 100% efficient. If the fake could run LONGER than the experiment, then it is NOT eliminated. If the fake would run out of fuel before the end of the experiment, then the fake is eliminated.

If ALL known fakes are eliminated, then the device must be real.

The December/January experiments were too short to rule out ANY of these theoretical fakes. But if Levi's informal reports on the February trial are accepted, then ALL fakes are eliminated.

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3. Introduction

A new "Cold Fusion" or "LENR" (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions) device -- the Rossi/Focardi Energy Catalyzer or eCAT was recently demonstrated at the University of Bologna, Italy on Jan 15, 2011: Rossi-Focardi Energy Catalyzer

An additional experiment was performed in February : Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion

A good summary of these is given by Scott Chubb Infinite Energy • Issue 96 • March/April 2011

Cold fusion was first announced by Pons and Fleischmann in 1989, and was rapidly "debunked". But contrary to popular (and mainstream scientific) opinion, Cold Fusion was never actually disproved (see the history section.) Work has continued in a variety of private, university and government studies, with an annual ICCF conference, now in its 17th year. Most of the work has concentrated on the Pons and Fleischmann setup, which uses Palladium and Deuterium. It has been replicated hundreds of times, though experiments can take months to run, and require sophisticated calorimetry.

In contrast, the Rossi/Focardi eCAT uses Hydrogen and Nickel, produces large amounts of power (more than 10kW), and can be turned on and off on command. Rossi plans to install a 1MW water-heating plant, made by connecting 100 10kW devices in series and parallel, in Athens, Greece, in October 2011.

Both of these eCAT demonstrations were primarily a "black box" calorimetry experiment. Because his patent application has not yet been approved, Rossi declines to make detailed comments on the process, or to let anyone see inside his "reactor chamber".

Villa notes in his report on the January experiment:

In the present test, as a precautionary attitude, whatever was not known, not disclosed or not understood has been considered as the energy source. This forces to consider relevant only very large energy productions, as those described in [1] where the reactor has been working for weeks and month
....
The duration of the tests would be directly proportional to the mass and volume of unknown origin. For the present set-up a convincing evidence would include a power production of (order of) 10 kW sustained for weeks in a controlled and monitorized environment.

This paper attempts to put numbers to that philosophy, by calculating UPPER BOUNDS on what any known chemical process could produce.

If it's not real, how can the experiment be faked? And if it's faked, how can we detect it, or eliminate it?

As Sherlock Holmes said in The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet:

“It is an old maxim of mine that when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.

If all possible fakes are eliminated then the eCat must be real -- even though we do not know how it works. If current science can't explain it, then the science is wrong.

4. History

Cold fusion was first announced by Pons and Fleischmann in 1989, and was rapidly "debunked".

But contrary to popular (and mainstream scientific) opinion, Cold Fusion was never actually disproved.

Cravens And Letts (The Enabling Criteria of Electrochemical Heat: Beyond Reasonable Doubt) performed a statistical analysis of 167 papers, and identified 4 criteria which were satisfied in all successful experiments (including Pons and Fleischmann's original paper), and in which one or more were omitted in failed experiments -- including all the original "Debunking" papers. The most important are Lewis (Caltech) -- where NONE of these criteria were met, and Williams (Harwell), in which only ONE was met. These two papers effectively removed Cold Fusion from main stream science (and funding). Cravens And Letts point out that although ignoring these criteria almost guarantees failure, following them improves, but does not ensure success. Alchemists were well advised to include the "eye of newt" in their potions, since they did not understand which of the many steps were critical to success, and which were irrelevant. Perhaps those alchemists used better science than Lewis and Williams.

Also see Krivit: How Can Cold Fusion Be Real, Considering It Was Disproved By Several Well-Respected Labs In 1989?

Work has continued in a variety of private, university and government studies (Experiments), with an annual ICCF conference, now in its 17th year. Hundreds of papers have been written, some in peer-reviewed mainstream journals. (Library).

Most of the work has concentrated on the Pons and Fleischmann setup, which uses Palladium and Deuterium. It has been replicated hundreds of times. However, it has not reached 100% reproducibility. Experiments take months to "load" the deuterium into the palladium (though recent experiments with co-depositing deuterium and palladium eliminate this step), and are not guaranteed to work. (Though a set of cathodes which work in one experiment will almost always work in a different set-up). They require very subtle calorimetry over a long period, which introduces doubt into the results.

In addition to the calorimetric results, a 'CR-39' polycarbonate detector (long used by the Russians) placed next to the electrode shows clear evidence of high-energy particles (Mossier-Boss et al : Use of CR-39 in Pd/D co-deposition experiments and Reply to a comment .. by Kowalski).

The first reported work using Nickel and Hydrogen was by Francesco Piantelli (See articles by Krivit: Deuterium and Palladium Not Required and Piantelli-Focardi Publication and Replication Path ).

The Rossi/Focardi eCat uses Hydrogen and Nickel, produces large amounts of energy (more than 10kW), and can be turned on and off on command.

5. eCAT Demonstrator Apparatus

Image from Passerini Report (January 2011)

Image from Levi report (December 2010?).

The setup is

                                              *======> steam 
                                              |        outlet
                                         *---------*
                                         |    :    |
                                         |    :    |
                                         | Vertical|
                            Main         | Arm     | 
                            Unit         |    :    |
                                         |    :    |
                           Horizontal Arm|    :    |
                           *-------------*    :    |
                           |    Reactor       :    |
                           |   * - - - - - -* :    |
                           |   :Shielding   : :    |
           *------*        |   *- - - - - - * :    |
Water  ====| pump |=======>|::>: Heat       :-*    |
           *------*        |   : Exchanger  :      |
       *--------------*    |   *- - - - - - *      |
AC:--->| Control Unit |===>|::>: Resistors  :      |
       *--------------*    |   *- - - - - --*      |
            *------*       |   : Chamber    :      |
Compressed  | H    |======>|::>: Ni/H       :      |
Hydrogen    |      |       |   *- - - - - - *      |
            *------*       |                       |
            ^^^^^^^^       *-----------------------*
            scale            ||                || metal legs
                        *============================* 
                                 board

The components are:

Main Unit (Made up of a Horizontal and Vertical Arm)
Horizontal Arm : Contains the Reactor Unit, reportedly made up of:
- Chamber -- contains Nickel, fed with Hydrogen
- Resistors -- used to "ignite" the reactor, then lowered to maintain the reaction
- Heat exchanger -- heats and/or boils the water.
- Radiation Shielding -- Lead
Vertical Arm
Water and Pump
Control Unit powered from an AC wall-plug.
Compressed Hydrogen bottle, weighed before and after.

The entire Horizontal and Vertical arms were enveloped in tinfoil for the December/January trials.

The presence or absence of any evidence of nuclear activity is NOT considered in this paper.

Operation:

Load the reactor with hydrogen
Apply 1 kW through the control panel until the reactor "ignites"
Reduce the input power to 400 W (Jan) or 80 W (Feb)
Pump water in at a measured rate and temperature
Jan: Observe steam output, measure temperature and dryness
OR
Feb: Measure the water temperature at the outlet
Accurately measure the weight of the hydrogen bottle, before and after

6. Experiments

6.1. January 2011 Experiment

In December 2010 a team of scientists was allowed to examine the device, and performed a number of experiments.

In January 2011 a "press" demonstration was held -- though the reactor developed an internal problem (reportedly on the leads to an internal heating resistor), took a long time to "ignite", and ran at lower efficiency (higher input power).

These two will be referred to as the "January" apparatus and experiment.

The things we know about the January apparatus as a whole are:

The input power to the controller
The input water volume and temperature
The output steam temperature and dryness
The amount of hydrogen used
ESTIMATED volumes of the various elements (Villa)
(These could be confirmed from the photographs).
A very rough estimate of the weight of the Control Box (Levi)

Villa reported:

The basic observable elements are an horizontal metallic tube (approximate length 70 cm, diameter 20 cm, 22 l volume, 30 kg weight as a guess-estimate) as the reaction chamber, a vertical tube for steam output (50 cm length, 15 cm diameter, 9 l volume), a control system box (approx 40x40x40 cm3 dimensions, 64 l volume, unknown weight), a water pump and an hydrogen bottle.

Levi reported:

Prudentially I have lifted the control box in search for any other eventually hidden cable and found none. The weight of the control box was of few Kg.

The things we do NOT know about the January apparatus include:

The contents of the controller
The power from the controller to the main unit
The output steam volume
The weights before and after, other than the hydrogen bottle
Whether any air was taken in by the device, or combustion products released.

ASSUMING that ALL the water was converted to steam the total OUTPUT energy was computed:

Heat water to boiling point
Convert to steam
Heat the steam

Given the rate of flow, the output power (kW) was calculated, and the INPUT power (kW) to the controller was subtracted.

The volume of the various elements were estimated by Mauro Villa to be:

Control Box 60 liters
Horizontal Arm 22 liters
Vertical Arm 9 liters

The measured values as summarized in LENR-CANR News are:

Duration: 1 hour, of which 30 minutes was steam-producing
Flow Rate: 17.5 L/Hr (292 ml/min)
Input Power : 400W
Excess Power 12.5 kW
Factor 12.5/0.4 = 31
Excess Energy (Excess Power x Run Time): 6.25 kWH
Hydrogen: less than 0.1 g of hydrogen was consumed.
If the hydrogen had been burned it would have produced 0.0143 MJ (0.00397 kWH)

At the press conference Rossi announced that they have a working system providing heating in their own plant (presumably with multiple eCATS), and that he plans to install a 1MW Plant in Athens, Greece in October, 2011.

Reports:

6.2. February 2011 Experiment

The February trial reportedly had the same general structure, except that is was only used to HEAT water, not to convert it to steam.

The primary observer of the February run, Prof Levi, was allowed to examine everything EXCLUDING the reactor chamber, which he estimated to be about 1 liter in volume. He reported that a lot of the volume of the horizontal and vertical arms was insulation, and that lead shielding was visible around the reactor chamber.

Nyteknik.se: Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion

“This time I opened the control unit (and examined the interior), as someone said that it could contain a hidden battery. And I can swear in court that the box was empty, except for the control electronics – five very simple PLCs – and it weighed about seven kilograms,” said Levi.

“I have also seen inside the reactor device itself – most of the volume is isolation, and most of the weight of about 30 kg is due to lead.”

He confirmed that the reactor chamber, supposedly containing nickel powder, the secret catalysts and hydrogen gas, had a volume of around one liter. The reactor chamber was the only part he could not inspect.

LENR-CANR: Rossi 18-hour demonstration

On February 10 and 11, 2011, Levi et al. (U. Bologna) performed another test of the Rossi device. Compared to the January 14 test, they used a much higher flow rate, to keep the cooling water from vaporizing. This is partly to recover more heat, and partly because Celani and others criticized phase-change calorimetry as too complicated. There were concerns about the enthalpy of wet steam versus dry steam, and the use of a relative humidity meter to determine how dry the steam was. A source close to the test gave Jed Rothwell the following figures. These are approximations: ....

The things we know about the February apparatus as a whole are:

The Control Unit and all parts of the Main Unit excluding the reactor were inspected.
The input power to the controller
The input water volume and temperature
The output water temperature
The amount of hydrogen used
ESTIMATED volume of the reactor CHAMBER is 1 liter
ESTIMATED mass of the REACTOR (Levi reports that the mass was 30 kg)

The things we do NOT know about the February apparatus include:

The power from the controller to the main unit
The VOLUME of the whole REACTOR.
The weights before and after, other than the hydrogen bottle
Whether any air was taken in by the device, or combustion products released.

The values reported by Rothwell are:

Run Time: 18 hours
Flow Rate: 3,000 L/h = ~833 ml/s.
Cooling water input temperature: 15°C
Cooling water output temperature: ~20°C
Input power from control electronics: variable, average 80 W, closer to 20 W for 6 hours
Excess Power 16 kW
Factor 16/0.08 = 200
Excess Energy (Excess Power x Run Time): 288 kWH
Hydrogen: less than 0.4 g of hydrogen was consumed.
If the hydrogen had been burned it would have produced 0.0572 MJ (0.0159 kWH)

However, the some of the values reported in Nyteknik are significantly different (and in favor of Rossi's eCAT):

“Minimum power was 15 kilowatts, and that’s a conservative value. I calculated it several times. At night we did a measurement and the device then worked very stable and produced 20 kilowatts.”

Initially, the temperature of the inflowing water was seven degrees Celsius and for a while the outlet temperature was 40 degrees Celsius. A flow rate of about one liter per second, equates to a peak power of 130 kilowatts. The power output was later stabilized at 15 to 20 kilowatts.

Note : Levi has not released a report of this experiment, and Rossi has declined to comment on it.

This paper uses Rothwell's numbers.

6.3. Recent Events

Rossi continues to provide a trickle of information (some of it conflicting with previous statements) on his blog JANUARY 15th FOCARDI AND ROSSI PRESS CONFERENCE

For instance, he now now indicates that it is not the ELECTRICAL power which modulates the output, but the HYDROGEN:

Our plants of 1 MW are made with series and parallels of 10 kW modules. Our 10 kW modules have been tested from 2 years and we have a deep knowledge of them. If the temperature or the pressure inside the apparatus goes critic we cut the hydrogen supply and cool down the E-Cat increasing the flow of water as much as necessary. Consider that we do not use radioactive materials and we do not produce rad waste, that a single module has a volume of about 1 liter and is very easy to cool down with water. Every module is controlled indipendently from the others and if one module has to be stopped the others can work.

Through a live interview with NyTeknik Rossi answered a number of questions : E-cat inventor in live chat with the readers (+ Video Interview) and And here are 36 more questions – with Rossi's answers -- though many of these were not technical in nature.

He recently appeared on a US Radio Program : Andrea Rossi with Sterling Allan on Coast to Coast AM

There is some evidence that the Hydrogen/Nickel reaction can become self-sustaining, so the ratio of output to input electrical power would become infinite.

Since the February experiment was reported, Rossi has reportedly PAID the University of Bologna €500,000 to investigate and develop the eCat device, and presumably under a non-disclosure agreement: This is how Rossi is financing his E-cat (this Nyteknik article also gives some background on Rossi). Another Nyteknik interview explores the manufacturing : Cold Fusion: Here's the Greek company building 1 MW

Rossi has stated that NO experimental results will be published for at least a year.

Since many of the original independent observers are now presumed to be under contract to Rossi, some might question their future impartiality. However, as Levi noted:

“If I were an old professor with his career already done, then I would not have anything to risk. But any attempt at fraud on my part would be a terrible personal goal. What could I hope for? To have a title for ten days, and then be thrown from my own department. Because (the matter of) fraud comes up sooner or later. There is no hope for it. So if I ... well, I would be really stupid. Honestly, I would be really stupid!”

Section	Abrev	Mass	Volume
kg	L
Section Name 1	SEC-1	11.000	12.000
Section Name 2	SEC-2	21.000	22.000
Section Name 3	SEC-3	31.000	32.000

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
Material 1	MAT-1	12.300	3.417	45.600	12.667

Experiment 1 : All sections contain MAT-1
Section	SEC-1	SEC-2	SEC-3	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	MAT-1	MAT-1	MAT-1	Fake	Expt
Energy	152 kWH	279 kWH	405 kWH	836 kWH	10.0 kW	83.6 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
Fake can run longer than the experiment: fake is NOT eliminated

Experiment 2 : Only SEC-2 contain MAT-1
Section	SEC-1	SEC-2	SEC-3	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	MAT-1	-	Fake	Expt
Energy		279 kWH		279 kWH	16.0 kW	17.4 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
Fake cannot run as long as the experiment -- Fake is eliminated

Section	Abrev	Mass	Volume
kg	L
Control Box	Ctrl	7.000	60.000

Section	Abrev	Mass	Volume
kg	L
Horizontal Arm	Horz	-	22.000

Section	Abrev	Mass	Volume
kg	L
Vertical Arm	Vert	-	9.000

Section	Abrev	Mass	Volume
kg	L
Reactor	React	30.000	11.000
Reactor Chamber	Chamber	-	1.000

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
Lead-Acid Batteries	Lead B	0.140	0.039	0.360	0.100
Lithium-Ion Batteries	L-i B	0.720	0.200	3.600	1.000

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
Compressed Hydrogen/External Air Fuel Cell	CH/Air-FC	143.000	39.723	5.600	1.556
Liquid Hydrogen/External Air Fuel Cell	LH/Air-FC	143.000	39.723	10.100	2.806
Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen Fuel Cell	CH/CO-FC	15.990	4.442	3.734	1.037
Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen Fuel Cell	LH/LO-FC	15.990	4.442	3.748	1.041

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
Compressed Hydrogen/External Air	CH/Air	143.000	39.723	5.600	1.556
Liquid Hydrogen/External Air	LH/Air	143.000	39.723	10.100	2.806
Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen	CH/CO	15.990	4.442	3.734	1.037
Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen	LH/LO	15.990	4.442	3.748	1.041

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
Diesel/Air	Dsl/Air	46.200	12.833	37.300	10.361

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
Boron/External Air	B/Air	58.900	16.361	137.800	38.278
Boron/Compressed Oxygen	B/CO	18.293	5.081	16.131	4.481
Boron/Liquid Oxygen	B/LO	18.293	5.081	23.345	6.485

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
Magnesium/Steam	Mg/Steam	24.884	6.912	43.248	12.013

Material	Specific Heat	Maximum Temperature	Minimum Temperature		MJ/ Liter	Comments
Water	4.21	100	14	0.36206	Boils
Be	3.38	1287	14	4.30274	Melts. Poisonous
Iron	3.53	1538	14	5.37972	Melts
Lead	1.44	327.46	14	0.4513824	Melts

Material	Abrev	Energy by Mass	Energy by Volume	Comment
MJ/kg	kWH/kg	MJ/L	kWH/L
SPH Water	SPH Water	-	-	0.362	0.101
SPH Be	SPH Be	-	-	4.303	1.195
SPH Iron	SPH Iron	-	-	5.380	1.494
SPH Lead	SPH Lead	-	-	0.451	0.125

	Sections	Volume (liters)	Flow (liters/hr)	Time to Fill (Hrs)
Jan	Horz and Vert	31.00	17.50	1.77
Feb	Horz	22.00	3000.00	0.01

Material	Abrev	Power by Mass kW/kg	Power by Volume kW/L	Specific gravity
Plutonium 238	Pu238	0.500	0.000	0.000

For each type of fake, various "experiments" are defined, with individual sections loaded with fake materials.

For each combination of materials, five experiments are evaluated:

The January Power and Duration, with ALL sections, including the Control Box, filled with fake material
The January Power and Duration, with the Main Unit filled with fake material. Levi's statement that the control box "weighed a few kg" and therefore cannot contain fake material, is accepted.
The February Power and Duration, with the Horizontal Arm filled with fake material. Levi's statements about the control box and the vertical arm are accepted.
The February Power and Duration, with an ESTIMATE of the volume of the whole reactor.
The February Power and Duration, with Levi's description of the volume of the reactor CHAMBER..

13.1. Lithium Ion Batteries

Control Box: Lithium-Ion Batteries Main Unit: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	L-i B	L-i B	L-i B	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	60.0 kWH	22.0 kWH	9.00 kWH	91.0 kWH	10.0 kW	9.10 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with ALL sections
Main Unit: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	-	L-i B	L-i B	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		22.0 kWH	9.00 kWH	31.0 kWH	10.0 kW	3.10 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with MAIN unit -- excluding Control Box
Horizontal Arm: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	L-i B	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		22.0 kWH		22.0 kWH	16.0 kW	1.38 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section	Ctrl	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	L-i B	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		11.0 kWH		11.0 kWH	16.0 kW	0.688 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section	Ctrl	Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	L-i B	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		1.00 kWH		1.00 kWH	16.0 kW	0.0625 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with reactor CHAMBER volume
Horizontal Arm: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	L-i B	-	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	14.7 kWH			14.7 kWH	4.39 kW	3.35 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	L-i B	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.0898 kWH		0.0898 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0205 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Section		Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	L-i B	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.0500 kWH		0.0500 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0114 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with reactor CHAMBER volume
FAKE? means that the fake could run longer than the experiment, and is NOT eliminated REAL means that the fake is ELIMINATED by an experiment, so the device could be REAL

13.2. Hydrogen

Controller contains a Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Main unit burns Hydrogen.

Liquid Hydrogen and external Air are the most favorable for a fake.

Control Box: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air Fuel Cell Main Unit: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	LH/Air-FC	LH/Air	LH/Air	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	168 kWH	61.7 kWH	25.3 kWH	255 kWH	10.0 kW	25.5 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with ALL sections
Main Unit: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	-	LH/Air	LH/Air	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		61.7 kWH	25.3 kWH	87.0 kWH	10.0 kW	8.70 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with MAIN unit -- excluding Control Box
Horizontal Arm: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		61.7 kWH		61.7 kWH	16.0 kW	3.86 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		30.9 kWH		30.9 kWH	16.0 kW	1.93 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		2.81 kWH		2.81 kWH	16.0 kW	0.175 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with reactor CHAMBER volume
Horizontal Arm: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	LH/Air	-	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	41.3 kWH			41.3 kWH	4.39 kW	9.41 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.252 kWH		0.252 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0574 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Liquid Hydrogen/External Air
Section		Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.140 kWH		0.140 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0320 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with reactor CHAMBER volume
FAKE? means that the fake could run longer than the experiment, and is NOT eliminated REAL means that the fake is ELIMINATED by an experiment, so the device could be REAL

Compressed Hydrogen, External Air

Control Box: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air Fuel Cell Main Unit: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	CH/Air-FC	CH/Air	CH/Air	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	93.3 kWH	34.2 kWH	14.0 kWH	142 kWH	10.0 kW	14.2 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with ALL sections
Main Unit: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	-	CH/Air	CH/Air	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		34.2 kWH	14.0 kWH	48.2 kWH	10.0 kW	4.82 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with MAIN unit -- excluding Control Box
Horizontal Arm: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		34.2 kWH		34.2 kWH	16.0 kW	2.14 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		17.1 kWH		17.1 kWH	16.0 kW	1.07 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Ctrl	Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		1.56 kWH		1.56 kWH	16.0 kW	0.0972 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with reactor CHAMBER volume
Horizontal Arm: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	CH/Air	-	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	22.9 kWH			22.9 kWH	4.39 kW	5.22 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.140 kWH		0.140 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0318 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Compressed Hydrogen/External Air
Section		Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/Air	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.0778 kWH		0.0778 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0177 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with reactor CHAMBER volume
FAKE? means that the fake could run longer than the experiment, and is NOT eliminated REAL means that the fake is ELIMINATED by an experiment, so the device could be REAL

Compressed Hydrogen, Compressed Oxygen

Control Box: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen Fuel Cell Main Unit: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	CH/CO-FC	CH/CO	CH/CO	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	62.2 kWH	22.8 kWH	9.34 kWH	94.4 kWH	10.0 kW	9.44 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with ALL sections
Main Unit: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	-	CH/CO	CH/CO	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		22.8 kWH	9.34 kWH	32.2 kWH	10.0 kW	3.22 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with MAIN unit -- excluding Control Box
Horizontal Arm: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/CO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		22.8 kWH		22.8 kWH	16.0 kW	1.43 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/CO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		11.4 kWH		11.4 kWH	16.0 kW	0.713 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/CO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		1.04 kWH		1.04 kWH	16.0 kW	0.0648 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with reactor CHAMBER volume
Horizontal Arm: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	CH/CO	-	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	15.3 kWH			15.3 kWH	4.39 kW	3.48 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/CO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.0931 kWH		0.0931 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0212 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Compressed Hydrogen/Compressed Oxygen
Section		Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	CH/CO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.0519 kWH		0.0519 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0118 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with reactor CHAMBER volume
FAKE? means that the fake could run longer than the experiment, and is NOT eliminated REAL means that the fake is ELIMINATED by an experiment, so the device could be REAL

Liquid Hydrogen, Liquid Oxygen

Control Box: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen Fuel Cell Main Unit: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	LH/LO-FC	LH/LO	LH/LO	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	62.5 kWH	22.9 kWH	9.37 kWH	94.7 kWH	10.0 kW	9.47 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with ALL sections
Main Unit: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	FAKE?
Material	-	LH/LO	LH/LO	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		22.9 kWH	9.37 kWH	32.3 kWH	10.0 kW	3.23 Hrs	0.500 Hrs
January with MAIN unit -- excluding Control Box
Horizontal Arm: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Horz	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/LO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		22.9 kWH		22.9 kWH	16.0 kW	1.43 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/LO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		11.5 kWH		11.5 kWH	16.0 kW	0.716 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section	Ctrl	Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/LO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		1.04 kWH		1.04 kWH	16.0 kW	0.0651 Hrs	18.0 Hrs
February with reactor CHAMBER volume
Horizontal Arm: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	LH/LO	-	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy	15.3 kWH			15.3 kWH	4.39 kW	3.49 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with HORIZONTAL unit
Reactor: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section	Horz	React	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/LO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.0935 kWH		0.0935 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0213 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with ESTIMATED reactor volume
Reactor chamber: Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen
Section		Chamber	Vert	Fake Energy	Expt Power	REAL
Material	-	LH/LO	-	Fake Energy	Expt Power	Fake	Expt
Energy		0.0521 kWH		0.0521 kWH	4.39 kW	0.0119 Hrs	6.00 Hrs
March with reactor CHAMBER volume
FAKE? means that the fake could run longer than the experiment, and is NOT eliminated REAL means that the fake is ELIMINATED by an experiment, so the device could be REAL

How to Prove that the Rossi/Focardi eCAT LENR is Real

This document has been updated : please check for the latest version at lenr.qumbu.com

1. Breaking news

1.1. Photos

2. Abstract

3. Introduction

4. History

5. eCAT Demonstrator Apparatus

6. Experiments

6.1. January 2011 Experiment

6.2. February 2011 Experiment

6.3. Recent Events

7. Methodology for FAKE eCATS and their Detection

8. Organization

9. Equipment Sections

9.1. Control Box

9.2. Horizontal Arm

9.3. Vertical Arm

9.4. Reactor

10. Batteries and Chemicals

10.1. Lithium Ion Batteries

10.2. Hydrogen Fuel Cell

10.3. Hydrogen burned with Air or Oxygen

10.4. Diesel burned with Air

10.5. Boron burned with Air or Oxygen

10.6. Aluminum burned with Air or Oxygen

10.7. Beryllium burned with Air or Oxygen

10.8. Magnesium and Steam

10.9. Explosives

10.10. Compressed or Liquid Hydrogen and Oxygen

10.11. Previously Unknown Chemical Reactions

10.12. Other suggested fakes (Pending analysis)

11. Other Fixed-Energy Methods

11.1. Pre-loaded Heat Sink

11.2. Input Water Diversion

12. Unlimited-Energy Methods

12.1. Hidden Wires or Tubes

12.2. Heat Pump

12.3. Nuclear : Plutonium 238

13. Experiments -- FAKES by VOLUME

13.1. Lithium Ion Batteries

13.2. Hydrogen

13.3. Diesel Fuel

13.4. Boron and Air or Oxygen

13.5. Magnesium and Steam

13.6. Water Heat Sink

13.7. Beryllium Heat Sink

13.8. Iron Heat Sink

13.9. Lead Heat Sink

14. Experiments -- FAKES by WEIGHT

15. Rothwell's Razor

16. Conclusion

17. Discussion

18. Calculations

18.1. Wiki Energy Densities

18.2. Reference Documents

18.3. Atoms and Molecules

18.4. Compressed hydrogen + Compressed Oxygen

18.5. Liquid hydrogen + Liquid Oxygen

18.6. Boron + Compressed Oxygen

18.7. Boron + Liquid Oxygen

18.8. Magnesium and Steam

18.9. Embedded Calculations

19. Physorg Posts

20. Acknowledgements