The fastest that I remember the Supreme Court reacting was to a federal law prohibiting burning of the flag. The law was passed shortly after the Court ruled against a STATE law prohibiting desecration of the flag.
I think someone burned a flag on the Capitol steps within a few days, so he would be arrested. It went from the district court to the Supreme Court in record time, apparently because the law in question said it had to do so, and that the Court must grant certiorari, and was required to hear it on an expedited basis.
Thanks for answering these posts with facts while emotions are flying high...cheers!