The chain itself would not snap. However, the last link would give way and at most part of the chain locker where the chain is secured would give way. The hull may or may not get dented. As far as the windlass goes, it is most like OK - the chain runs over the windlass and the windlass would just spin - may ruin the bearings. The ship was most likely built to ABS or LLyods ship classification standards. They all require that the anchor can run like that without a lot of damage to the rest of the ship.
Oh, by the way, I’m writing this from my office on a ship right now - Chief Engineer’s office, so I do have some knowledge/experience dealing with ships.
Thanks, ... I’ll accept your post as fact.
The cruise ships I have been on (as a paying guest) have all had a plaque stating they were made to the Lloyds specifications (Carnival and NCL).
I’m glad that there is are thoughts put into this. I expected a hard connect from the chain to the ship - so when the end of the chain hit - depending upon the location of the anchor the ship would skid to stop (if in the rear) or would cantalever about the focal point (for mid-ship to front) and thereby cause unplanned for stresses in the hull.
I’m just an engineer (Electrical and Mechanical) and am NOT familiar with how a ship is designed; I simply see the forces at work and imagine the worst possible scenario. Murphy usually gives us an optimistic place to start.