H-1Bs: Still Not the Best and the Brightest

In pressuring Congress to expand the H-1B work visa and employment-based green card programs, industry lobbyists have recently adopted a new tack. Seeing that their past cries of a tech labor shortage are contradicted by stagnant or declining wages, their new buzzword is innovation. Building on their perennial assertion that the foreign workers are “the best and the brightest,” they now say that continued U.S. leadership in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) hinges on our ability to import the world’s best engineers and scientists. Yet, this Backgrounder will present new data analysis showing that the vast majority of the foreign workers — including those at most major tech firms — are people of just ordinary talent, doing ordinary work. They are not the innovators the industry lobbyists portray them to be.

I presented some initial analyses along these lines in an earlier Backgrounder,1 showing for instance that STEM foreign students at U.S. universities tend to be at the less-selective universities. Here I present a much more direct analysis, making use of a simple but powerful idea: If the foreign workers are indeed outstanding talents, they would be paid accordingly. We can thus easily determine whether a foreign worker is among “the best and the brightest” by computing the ratio of his salary to the prevailing wage figure stated by the employer. Let’s call this the Talent Measure (TM). Keep in mind that a TM value of 1.0 means that the worker is merely average, not of outstanding talent.

I computed median TM values for various subgroups of interest. A summary of the results is:

* The median TM value over all foreign workers studied was just a hair over 1.0.

* The median TM value was also essentially 1.0 in each of the tech professions studied.

* Median TM was near 1.0 for almost all prominent tech firms that were analyzed.

* Contrary to the constant hyperbole in the press that “Johnnie can’t do math” in comparison with kids in Asia, TM values for workers from Western European countries tend to be much higher than those of their Asian counterparts.

Again noting that a TM value of 1.0 means just average, the data show dramatically that most foreign workers, the vast majority of whom are from Asia, are in fact not “the best and the brightest.”

* Most foreign workers work at or near entry level, described by the Department of Labor in terms akin to apprenticeship. This counters the industry’s claim that they hire the workers as key innovators, and again we will see a stark difference between the Asians and Europeans.

Methodology The analysis uses data from the Department of Labor’s Permanent Labor Certification Program (PERM),2 which consists of information supplied by employers when they sponsor foreign worker for permanent residency, i.e. green cards. There are advantages to using this database rather than its H-1B cousin.

First, it addresses the concern expressed by some that H-1B Labor Condition Applications (LCAs) are merely requests for permission to hire foreign workers, without specifying actual workers, who may be chosen later. By contrast, each record in the PERM data is for an actual foreign worker, containing his actual salary and other information. (The PERM form allows an employer to specify salary as a range rather than as a single value, but this is rarely used.)

Second, the PERM data include information concerning the nationality of the foreign worker, enabling the between-country comparisons in the analysis here.

Finally, the PERM data show the current visa status of the worker, which is typically H-1B but is sometimes O-1. The law defines the O-1 visa as applying to “workers of extraordinary ability.” Since these are the workers of interest here, it gives us a basis of comparison.

Note that while most workers in the PERM database are H-1Bs, the converse is not true; many H-1Bs are not sponsored for green cards. Typically employers only sponsor their better H-1Bs for permanent residency. Thus if the PERM data show that most workers in the PERM data are not “the best and the brightest,” then even fewer of the H-1Bs overall are in that category.

The analysis uses the 2007 PERM data. The data were first screened, eliminating hourly workers, clear typographical errors, and so on.

Talent Measure Analysis Again, I take as our Talent Measure (TM) the ratio of a worker’s salary to the prevailing wage claimed by the employer. The employer is legally required to pay at least the prevailing wage, and must state on the PERM application how that wage level was determined.3 Since the application will be rejected if the wage offered is below the prevailing wage, by definition all values of TM will be at least 1.0. The latter value means “the average worker,” i.e. of average talent, so if most workers have TM values close to 1.0, then most are probably not “the best and the brightest.”

With that it mind, let’s look at TM values, both overall and also for some specific occupations: (see chart)

The trend, both general and for STEM occupations, is clear: Most TM values are only a little higher than 1.0, indicating that most of the foreign workers are not outstanding talents.

The sole exceptional occupation is mathematicians. Though rather few workers are in this category, the TM value is worth some comment. The anomaly is likely due to the recent interest in data mining, which has created a de facto two-tier wage structure among mathematicians, in which those who specialize in data mining are paid much more. Since the prevailing wage figures do not distinguish between these tiers, the official prevailing wage value set for mathematicians will be well below the market wage for data miners. Thus it is probable that even these foreign workers are not “the best and the brightest.”

Lobbyists for the big firms often claim that abuse of the H-1B program occurs mainly in Indian-owned “bodyshops” (firms that subcontract H-1Bs to larger companies), while by contrast the big firms are hiring “the best and the brightest.” Yet neither this scapegoating of the Indians nor the claim of hiring the top talents is warranted. Consider the TM values after disaggregation by firm:

Though these figures are slightly above the overall figures we saw earlier, they still show that the firms are not paying salaries indicating top talents.

Even Microsoft, on the high end of the companies shown here, is not paying top dollar, as seen by restricting attention to Microsoft’s workers holding the O-1 visa. As O-1 is specifically for, in the phrasing of the statute, “workers of extraordinary ability,” this gives us a measure of the salaries Microsoft pays to those foreign workers who in fact are “the best and the brightest.” The median TM for Microsoft O-1 workers is 1.404. That represents a salary premium of more than double what the firm is giving its foreign workers in general, so there does not appear to be much support for Microsoft’s claim that most of their H-1Bs are of extraordinary talent.

Thus again, it is readily apparent that even the most prominent tech firms, which are in the vanguard of the industry movement pressuring Congress to expand foreign worker programs, generally do not hire from “the best and the brightest” league.

East vs. West The lobbyists love to claim that the industry resorts to hiring foreign workers because Americans are weak in math and science. Various international comparisons of math/science test scores at the K-12 level are offered as “evidence.” The claims are specious — after all, both major sources of foreign tech workers, India and China, refuse to participate in those tests, and India continues to be plagued with a high illiteracy rate. Serious educational research, including an earlier Arizona State university report4 and a recent major study by the Urban Institute5 show clearly that mainstream American kids are doing fine in STEM.

Nevertheless, the “Asian mystique” persists. The image is that our tech industry owes its success to armies of mathematical geniuses arriving to U.S. graduate schools from Asia. Once again, though, the data do not support this perception. Here is a comparison of TM values for foreign workers from the major Asian countries and their counterparts in Europe and Canada:

The differences here are not large, but nevertheless, all of the Western nations have higher median TM values than all the Asian nations — quite the opposite of the portrayal by the industry lobbyists.

Taking a closer look, let’s tabulate median TM for the major worker-sending nations in both hemispheres, against the major occupations:

While still mild, the trend again indicates that the Western foreign workers are the more talented ones.

Finally, what about individual firms? Interestingly, the gap between East and West widens. Let’s check the firms with the largest numbers of foreign workers:[snip]

Conclusions The lobbyists know that crying educational doom-and-gloom sells. Even though it was mainly “Johnnie,” rather than Arvind or Qing-Ling, who originally developed the computer industry, and even though all major East Asian governments have lamented their educational systems’ stifling of creativity, the lobbyists have convinced Congress that the industry needs foreign workers from Asia in order to innovate.

The facts show otherwise. Most foreign tech workers, particularly those from Asia, are in fact not “the best and the brightest.” This is true both overall and in the key tech occupations, and most importantly, in the firms most stridently demanding that Congress admit more foreign workers. Expansion of the guest worker programs — both H-1B visas and green cards — is unwarranted.

“Conclusions The lobbyists know that crying educational doom-and-gloom sells. Even though it was mainly “Johnnie,” rather than Arvind or Qing-Ling, who originally developed the computer industry, and even though all major East Asian governments have lamented their educational systems’ stifling of creativity, the lobbyists have convinced Congress that the industry needs foreign workers from Asia in order to innovate.

My 2 cents. Any employer recruiting to fill h1b visa positions should have to pay a fee equivalent to a four year college degree scholarship in the field that they cannot fill locally and the H1b visa should expire in four years- no renewals.

I’m skeptical about this guy’s methodology, simply because most companies will keep their H-1B worker salaries low just because they can, through various subterfuges and dodges.

From twenty-one years of practical experience working in various parts of the IT industry, I can say that in my travelings, the H-1Bs I’ve seen are pretty good. They aren’t really any smarter than the average American worker, but they do tend to be more willing to work harder and longer—and no matter what the law says, they’re doing it for less. The area in which many of them fall short, not surprisingly, is in communication, both oral and written. But then again, a lot of American IT workers can’t write and speak very well these days either!

}:-)4

As a college dropout, Gates himself would not qualify for the policies he advocates for unlimited H1 visas.

Guess he’s not one of the best and brightest.

(Actually, he never was - just happened to be in the right place at the right time when IBM needed a cheap operating system for their new PC line and didn’t want to waste any company resources/programmers on a product line they thought would fail.)

I am convinced that even another “Great Depression” would not halt the flow of H-1b’s. H-1b’s are herion for the corporate cheap labor junkies.

“Why would they hire more expensive Euros and would they even want to come here in large numbers?”

They are not trying to hire more expensive Euros, they are trying to hire cheaper workers from the Far East.

An easy way of solving the H-1B visa problem would be to require bidding for H-1B visa slots instead of just giving them to the first companies applying on the day applications are opened. If the price for an H-1B visa gets bid up to $75,000, suddenly it isn't such a great deal to bring in a cheap Visual Basic programmer with it.

“As a college dropout, Gates himself would not qualify for the policies he advocates for unlimited H1 visas.

Guess he’s not one of the best and brightest.

(Actually, he never was - just happened to be in the right place at the right time”

___________

You got that right, oldbill. Gates is a distant cousin of mine - many times removed. And none of the Gates bunch was very bright. He might be surprised to know how many of his ancestors owned slaves......

“Guess he’s not one of the best and brightest.”

Gates belongs to the best and brightest alright but his foremost concern, like most of the best’s and brightest’s of our country, is in promoting his company’s welfare first and not necessarily his country’s. It is the stockholder that he must please first.

H1B would be unnecessary if industry would spend money educating the American workforce instead of lobbying congress to bring in cheap foreign labor.

The only saving grace to the program is it means the work isn’t shipped directly to India, so the salaries are taxed and spent in the USA.

But it is an insult to the unemployed everywhere in this country (unlike the agricultural worker illegals, who do work that nobody here will do).

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