This is often a surprise, since many had the idea that it was an English Goose, with Turkey being a change for Stateside consumption. But apparently Dickens chose the Turkey as Scrooge’s magnificent replacement for the Goose, which was what the Cratchits had in the Visit of Christmas Present.
The goose however, was more hardy and often private residence raised several and fattened them for Christmas either selling them locally or taking to market before Christmas. They often charged the poorer people so much as week so that come Christmas they had a bird for the annual feast.
Nowadays with intense farming methods things have switched dramatically around and the goose is now the more expensive delicacy unless you buy a free range bronze turkey or something similar.
I believe the Spanish introduced the turkey to Europe and Britain probably before the major migration to the US so it would have been around for many hundreds of years but very expensive not as now probably the cheapest form of meat pound for pound.