Homer J. Stewart, early rocketeer, dies in California at 91

Homer J. Stewart, an early pioneer of rocket research who helped develop the first successful U.S. satellite, Explorer I, has died. He was 91.

Stewart, an emeritus professor of aeronautics at the California Institute of Technology, died May 26 at his home in Altadena, the school said in a statement.

Stewart came to Caltech in 1936, but in the late 1950s took a leave of absence to advise on the preparation of Explorer I.

Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik I in October 1957, there was a frenzied effort by the United States to launch a satellite of its own.

Explorer I was sent into orbit in January 1958, upping the ante in the space race, played out against the backdrop of the Cold War, in which the Americans and Soviets engaged in a decades-long quest to achieve supremacy in space.

In that year, Stewart became director of planning and evaluation for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

He later joined Wernher von Braun, the German rocket pioneer, on Capitol Hill to testify before a Senate panel about the lagging performance of the United States in aerospace and missile development.

The panel was told that Russian missile guidance system had become accurate enough to hit an American city from 5,000 miles away and Russian space and missile technologies were a full 12 to 20 months ahead of their American counterparts.

The senators urged stepping up the pace of the "national approach" to defense and aerospace technology.

Stewart also helped in preparations for the 1959 lunar flyby mission of Pioneer IV, the first U.S. space probe to escape Earth's gravity, and he also made recommendations for planning what would become the Apollo missions to the moon.

A native of Dubuque, Iowa, Stewart received his bachelor's degree at the University of Minnesota in 1936 and a doctorate in aeronautics at Caltech in 1940. He was an early researcher at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the federally financed aerospace research facility managed by Caltech. He retired from the university in 1980.

Stewart is survived by two daughters, Katherine, of San Diego, and Barbara Mogel of Chesapeake Beach, Md.; a son, Dr. Robert J. of Burien, Wash.; and two grandchildren.

Homer J. Stewart

Early Rocketeer Homer Stewart Dies

PASADENA, Calif.--Homer Stewart, an early pioneer of rocket research who helped develop Explorer I, America's first satellite, died Saturday, May 26, at his home in Altadena, California. He was 91.

A native of Dubuque, Iowa, Stewart came to the California Institute of Technology for graduate study in 1936 and became interested in the early pioneering rocket research that was being carried out at the time by a small group of Caltech engineers and scientists, chief among them Theodore von Kármán. Stewart, von Kármán, and others began testing rockets in a rugged foothill area of the San Gabriel Mountains about five miles northeast of the Pasadena campus, thereby forming the nucleus of the research group that would evolve into the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

In 1938, Stewart joined the Caltech faculty from 1938, teaching both aeronautics and meteorology; but for many years he divided his time between his faculty duties and research at JPL. As chief of the research analysis section, he participated in many rocket projects, including the WAC Corporal, the Corporal, the Sergeant, and the Jupiter C. He was chief of JPL's liquid propulsion systems division when JPL and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (now the Marshall Space Flight Center) developed and launched Explorer I.

His research interests included rocket exhaust velocity requirements for maintaining the exact trajectories of spacecraft. He also conducted research in wind-driven energy, using his knowledge of fluid flow to construct with von Kármán a turbine known as "Grandpa's Knob." Built in the mountains of Vermont in the late 1930s, the machine generated up to a megawatt of power and operated through World War II in cooperation with a local electrical company. The project was abandoned after the war, in part because of the easy availability of cheap fossil-fuel energy.

Stewart earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Minnesota in 1936 and his doctorate in aeronautics at Caltech in 1940. He served continuously on the Caltech faculty from 1938 until his retirement in 1980.

He is survived by two daughters, Barbara Mogel of Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, and Kay Stewart of San Diego; a son, Dr. Robert J. Stewart of Burien, Washington; and two grandchildren.

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