During the 19th century, many Basques - who came from an industrialized part of the country - left Spain to seek their fortunes in Cuba and Mexico. Later, many conservative intellecutuals fled Spain under the (Russian Communist dominated) "Republic." Later still, many Marxists and liberals fled after Franco defeated the Communists.
Interestingly, the Basque nationalist movement began in the 19th century as a conservative movement, fueled mostly by 19th century Romantic thought. It eventually ended up as a radical Marxist movement, just like the IRA.
Very interesting. Thanks.
Of course, the IRA and the ETA still use the rhetoric of nationalism -- nationalistic Marxist movements or Marxist nationalist movements.