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| Gravitational Lensing Explanation |
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| Animation of Cluster Collision |
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Revised: August 21, 2006
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Gravitational Lensing Explanation This illustration explains how gravitational lensing, a prediction of Einstein's theory of general relativity, can be used to determine the location of mass in a galaxy cluster. Gravity from mass in the galaxy cluster distorts light from background galaxies. In the idealized case shown here, two distorted images of one background galaxy are seen above and below the real location of the galaxy. By looking at the shapes of many different background galaxies, it is possible to make a map showing where the gravity and therefore the mass in the cluster is located. This is an excellent technique for studying dark matter. Scale: Image is 13.5 x 10.6 arcmin (Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss) |
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| X-ray/Optical/Lensing Map Composites of 1E 0657-56 These images show the galaxy cluster 1E 0657-56, also known as the bullet cluster. The optical image from Magellan and HST shows galaxies in orange and white. Hot gas in the cluster, which contains the bulk of the normal matter in the cluster, is shown by the Chandra X-ray Observatory image in pink. Most of the mass in the cluster is shown in blue, as measured by gravitational lensing, the distortion of background images by mass in the cluster. This mass is dominated by dark matter. The clear separation between normal matter and dark matter has not been seen before and gives the strongest evidence yet that most of the matter in the Universe is dark. View Motion Graphic Scale: Images are 7.5 x 5.4 arcmin (Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.) |
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| Chandra X-ray Image of 1E 0657-56 Dark matter and normal matter have been wrenched apart by the tremendous collision of two large clusters of galaxies. Never previously seen, this discovery, made with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes, gives direct evidence for the existence of dark matter. Scale: Full-field image is 13.5 x 10.6 arcmin (Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.) |
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Galaxy Cluster in Perspective This optical image from Hubble and Magellan shows a close-up (inset) of one of the galaxies, a spiral galaxy approximately the same size as the Milky Way, within the galaxy cluster known as 1E 0657-56. The full-field view shows over a thousand galaxies in this cluster. These immense objects are among the largest structures in the Universe. View Motion Graphic Scale: Full-field image is 7.5 x 5.4 arcmin (Credit: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.) |
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4-Panel Illustrations of Cluster Collision These stills show four stages from an artist's representation of the huge collision that is taking place in the bullet cluster. Hot gas, containing most of the normal matter in the cluster, is shown in red and dark matter is shown in blue. During the collision the hot gas in each cluster is slowed and distorted by a drag force, similar to air resistance. A bullet-shaped cloud of gas forms in one of the clusters. In contrast, the dark matter is not slowed by the impact because it does not interact directly with itself or the gas except through gravity. Therefore, the dark matter clumps from the two clusters move ahead of the hot gas, producing the separation of the dark and normal matter seen in the image. View Animation (Illustrations: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss) |
The hot gas in each cluster was slowed by a drag force, similar to air resistance, during the collision. In contrast, the dark matter was not slowed by the impact because it does not interact directly with itself or the gas except through gravity. Therefore, during the collision the dark matter clumps from the two clusters moved ahead of the hot gas, producing the separation of the dark and normal matter seen in the image. If hot gas was the most massive component in the clusters, as proposed by alternative theories of gravity, such an effect would not be seen. Instead, this result shows that dark matter is required.
So, let's see... hot gasses somehow are affected by a "drag force"... in a vacuum that is almost indistinguishable from the rest of interstellar space, say 1 atom per stere(1 cubic meter) to be really generous, but the much more plentiful and gravitationally active "dark matter" does not even collide with other dark matter????
So what is this "Drag force?" Magic? How can the dark matter pass through the area where the "luminous" matter is interacting strongly... without interacting? Magic again?
Keep in mind also that interstellar space is almost as sparsely occupied by stars... with fewer than 1 star per (10 LY)3 {That's a volume of space equal to a cube comprised of 1000 cubes 1 light year on a side!)... and that galaxies in this cluster are even more sparsley distributed... say 1 per 1,000,000 light year cube. So what are the chances that any one atom, any one star, or even any one galaxy would collide with any other like component of these two clusters? Think of two shotguns, A and B, firing at each other from opposite sides... and the pattern of shot intersects at 30 yards... what are the chances that any one of the pellets from A striking B?
Have these guys stopped to think that the "hot gasses" are actually plasmas? That these "hot gasses" are hot because they carry a charge??? Charged gasses (Plasmas) in the laboratory do not act like uncharged gasses... How about that currents flow through every plasma we create here on earth... easily... current flow creates magnetism, electro-magnetism. Remember basic physics... like charges repel, opposites attract? That will change what apparent affects gravity may have. Electro-magnetism's force is 39 orders of magnitude greater than the force of gravity.
What if what the astronomers are seeing is not a luminous matter/dark matter event but only a luminous matter event as two galaxies clusters with different charges interact? Note that if you look carefully in the space between the two magenta areas that filaments span between them... over thousands of light years... filaments similar to those that are seen in almost any plasma demonstration in the laboratory.
