[LexBaird]

The Battle of Tours took place in the Dark Ages. For the most part conditions were so primitive outside of Spain that I doubt "Europeans", as a whole, could come to a resolve about anything other than building more dongeons.

Victorian twaddle. There were no "Dark Ages", and "Spain" (which didn't exist in 720 AD) was no more advanced than any number of other European kingdoms. Charles Martel was grandfather to Charlemagne, who united Western Europe and was crowned Emperor 80 years later. The "dark ages" are nothing more than an invention of Victorian historians romanticizing about the fall of Rome.

[muawiyah]

Hunh? Spain has been a "geographic term" for a gazillion years. Not only that, it even had a unified non-Christian government in the days when it was allied with Carthage. It is believed that Biblical "Tarshish" is, in fact, a kingdom on the SW Coast on the Atlantic.

Spain, to say the least, has been around a very long time ~ Trajan, the Roman Emperor, was a Spaniard.

Now, what was it you were saying about "The Dark Ages"? I'd suggest you go find out how many books were published in Western Europe from 538 AD to about 1066 AD ~ get back to us when you find some eh!