Biography of Joseph Ratzinger

Joseph Ratzinger was born in Marktl am Inn (on the Inn River), Germany, 16 April 1927, Holy Saturday, and was the first person baptized in the Easter Water blessed at the Easter Vigil. His father, a policeman, from a family of farmers in Lower Baveria, was frequently transferred. In 1929, young Joseph's family moved to Tittmoning, a small town on the Salzach River, on the Austrian border. In 1932 his father's outspoken criticism of the Nazis required the family to relocate to Auschau am Inn, at the foot of the Alps. His father retired in 1937, and his family moved to Hufschlag, outside of Traunstein. There Joseph began studying classical languages at the local gymnasium or high school. In 1939, he entered the minor seminary in Traunstein, his first step toward the priesthood.

World War II forced a postponement of his studies, until 1945, when he re-entered the seminary with his brother Georg. In 1947, he entered the Herzogliches Georgianum, a theological institute associated with the University of Munich. Finally, on 29 June 1951, both Josef and his brother were ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Faulhaber, in the Cathedral at Freising, on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul.

Continuing his theological studies at the University of Munich, he received his doctorate in theology in July 1953, with a thesis entitled “The People and House of God in Augustine's doctrine of the Church.” He fulfilled a requirement for teaching at the university level by completing a book-length treatise on Bonaventure’s theology of history and revelation. On 15 April 1959, he began lectures as a full professor of fundamental theology at the University of Bonn. From 1962-1965, he was present during all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council as a peritus, or chief theological advisor, to Cardinal Josef Frings of Köln (Cologne), Germany.

In 1963, he began teaching at the University of Münster, taking, in 1966, a second chair in dogmatic theology at the University of Tübingen. A wave of student uprisings swept across Europe in 1968, and Marxism quickly became the dominant intellectual system at Tübingen. He had no sympathy with the new radical theology, so in 1969 he moved back to Bavaria and took a teaching position at the University of Regensburg. There, he eventually became dean and vice president. He was also a member of the International Theological Commission of the Holy See from 1969 until 1980.

In 1972, together with Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henry De Lubac and others, he launched the Catholic theological journal Communio, a quarterly review of Catholic theology and culture. It has been said that this was done in repsonse to the misinterpretation of the Second Vatican Council by Karl Rahner, Hans Kung and others, as represented by the theological journal Concilium.

On 24 March 1977, Fr. Ratzinger was elected Archbishop of Munich and Freising by Pope Paul VI. He was ordained to the episcopal Order on 28 May 1977, taking as his motto a phrase from 3 John 8, "Fellow Worker in the Truth." On 27 June 1977, he was elevated to Cardinal (Cardinal Priest) by Pope Paul VI, with the titular church of St. Mary of Consolation (in Tiburtina). In 1980, he was named by Pope John Paul II to chair the special Synod on the Laity. Shortly after that, the pope asked him to head the Congregation for Catholic Education. Cardinal Ratzinger declined, feeling he shouldn't leave his post in Munich too soon. On 25 November 1981, he did become, however, the Prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, becoming at the same time ex officio the President of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, and the International Theological Commission.

Cardinal Ratzinger was President of the Commission for the Preparation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, and after 6 years of work (1986-92) he presented the new Catechism to the Holy Father. On 5 April 1993, he was transferred to the order of Cardinal Bishops, with the suburbicarian see of Velletri-Signi. On 9 November 1998, his election as Vice-Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals was approved by Pope John Paul II, and the Holy Father approved his election as Dean of the College of Cardinals on 30 November 2002, with the title of the suburbicarian See of Ostia added to that of Velletri-Segni.

Besides his prefecture at the Doctrine of the Faith, his curial memberships include: the Second Section of the Secretariat of State, the Congregation of Bishops, of Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, of Catholic Education, of Evangelization of Peoples, for the Oriental Churches; and the Pontifical Councils for Christian Unity, for Culture (councils); as well as, the Commissions Ecclesia Dei, and for Latin America.

As Dean of the College he has presided over the College's deliberations during the Vacancy of the Holy See, after the death of Pope John Paul II on 2 April 2005.

Doctrinal documents published by Doctrine of the Faith under Cardinal Ratzinger’s prefecuture:

Notification regarding the book "Jesus Symbol of God" of Fr Roger Haight, S. J., 13 December 2004

Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the collaboration of men and women in the Church and in the world (July 31, 2004)

Considerations regarding proposals to give legal recognition to unions between homosexual persons (July 31, 2003)

Doctrinal Note on some questions regarding the participation of Catholics in political life (January 16, 2003)

Note on the Force of the Doctrinal Decrees Concerning the Thought and Work of Fr Antonio Rosmini Serbati, 1st July 2001

Notification regarding certain writings of Fr. Marciano Vidal, C.Ss.R. (Notificatio super quibusdam scriptis Marciani Vidal), February 22, 2001

Notification on the book «Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism» by Fr. Jacques Dupuis, S.J., January 24, 2001

Notification concerning some writings of Professor Dr Reinhard Meßner, (Notifikation bezüglich einiger Veröffentlichungen von Professor Dr. Reinhard Meßner), November 30, 2000

Instruction on prayers for healing – Ardens felicitatis (Instructio de orationibus ad obtinendam a Deo sanationem), September 14, 2000

Declaration on the unicity and salvific universality of Jesus Christ and the Church – Dominus Iesus (Declaratio de Iesu Christi atque Ecclesiae unicitate et universalitate salvifica), August 6, 2000

Notification regarding Sister Jeannine Gramick, ssnd, and Father Robert Nugent, sds, May 31, 1999

Considerations « The Primacy of the successor of Peter in the mistery of the Church », October 31, 1998

Formula to be used for the profession of faith and for the oath of fidelity to assume an office to be exercised in the name of the Church with the Illustrative doctrinal Note of the conclusive formula of “Professio fidei” (Professio fidei et Iusiurandum fidelitatis in suscipiendo officio nomine Ecclesiae exercendo una cum nota doctrinali adnexa), June 29, 1998

Notification concerning the writings of Father Anthony De Mello, S.J. (Notificatio circa scripta Patris Antonii De Mello, S.I.), June 24, 1998

Notification on the book «Mary and human liberation» of Fr. Tissa Balasuriya, O.M.I., January 2nd, 1997

Notification on the writings and activities of Mrs. Vassula Ryden (Notificatio de scriptis et operibus dominae Vassulae Ryden), October 6, 1995

Responses to questions proposed concerning uterine isolation and related matters (Responsa ad proposita dubia circa «interclusionem uteri» et alias quaestiones), July 31, 1993

Some Considerations Concerning the Response to Legislative Proposals on Non-discrimination of Homosexual Persons, July 23, 1992

Decree on the doctrine and customs of the Association «Opus Angelorum» (Decretum de doctrina et usibus particularibus consociationis cui nomen «Opus Angelorum»), June 6, 1992

Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on some aspects of the Church understood as Communion – Communionis notio (Litterae ad Catholicae Ecclesiae episcopos de aliquibus aspectibus Ecclesiae prout est communio), May 28, 1992

Instruction on some aspects of the use of the instruments of social communication in promoting the doctrine of the faith – The Second Vatican Council, March 30, 1992

Note on the book «The Sexual Creators, An Ethical proposal for Concerned Christians» (University Press of America, Lanham-New York-London 1986) by Fr. André Guindon, O.M.I., January 31, 1992

Instruction on the ecclesial vocation of the theologian – Donum veritatis (Instructio de Ecclesiali Theologi vocatione), May 24, 1990

Letter on certain aspects of the Christian meditation – Orationis formas (Epistula ad totius Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopos de quibusdam rationibus christianae meditationis), October 15, 1989

Note regarding «The moral rule of “Humanae vitae” and the pastoral duty», February 16, 1989

Formula to be used for the profession of faith and for the oath of fidelity to assume an office to be exercised in the name of the Church (Professio fidei et Iusiurandum fidelitatis in suscipiendo officio nomine Ecclesiae exercendo), July 1st, 1988

Instruction on respect for human life in its origin and on the dignity of procreation – Donum vitae (Instructio de observantia erga vitam humanam nascentem deque procreationis dignitate tuenda. Responsiones ad quasdam quaestiones nostris temporibus agitatas), February 22, 1987

Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons – Homosexualitatis (Epistula de pastorali personarum homosexualium cura), October 1st, 1986

Notification on the book «Pleidooi voor mensen in de Kerk» (Nelissen, Baarn 1985) by prof. Edward Schillebeeckx, O.P., September 15, 1986

Letter to György Bulányi on certain writings attributed to him, September 1st, 1986

Letter regarding the suspension of Carlo Curran from the teaching of theology (Epistula R. D. Carlo Curran, Vasingtoniae degenti, missa), July 25, 1986

Instruction on Christian freedom and liberation – Libertatis conscientia (Instructio de libertate christiana et liberatione), March 22, 1986

Notification on the Book «Church: Charism and Power. Essay on militant Ecclesiology » by Father Leonardo Boff, O.F.M., March 11, 1985

Instruction on certain aspects of the "Theology of Liberation" – Libertatis nuntius (Instructio de quibusdam rationibus «Theologiae Liberationis»), August 6, 1984

Letter to Father Edward Schillebeeckx regarding his book «Kerkelijk Ambt» («The ministry in the Church», 1980), June 13, 1984

Decisions on the translation of the article «Carnis resurrectionem» of the Apostolic Symbol, December 14, 1983

Letter to His Em. Card. Ioseph Höffner, Archbishop of Cologne, regarding the «Work of the angels» (Epistula Em.mo ac Rev.mo Domino Iosepho Card. Höffner, Archiepiscopo Colonien., missa: De peracto examine circa “Opus Angelorum”), September 24, 1983

Notification regarding Rev. Georges de Nantes (Notification à propos de l’abbé Georges de Nantes), May 13, 1983

Observations on the final report of ARCIC (Animadversiones quas Sacra Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei, de mandato SS.mi super enuntiatis ultimis Commissionis vulgo ARCIC cognominatae, de Eucharistica doctrina, de sacris Ordinibus atque de subiecto auctoritatis in Ecclesia, exaravit et omnibus Conferentiis Episcoporum die 2 Aprilis transmisit), March 27, 1982

Letter to H.E. Msgr. Alan C. Clark regarding the final report of ARCIC (Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission) (Epistula quam Praefectus Sacrae Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei Em.mus P.D. Iosephus Cardinalis Ratzinger, ob editam relationem finalem a Commissione, cui vulgo nome “Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission” [ARCIC], compraesidi eiusdem Commissionis, R.P.D. Alano C. Clark, episcopo Angliae Orientalis, die 27 martii 1982 scripsit), March 27, 1982

On Christmas: "As a mere exchange of material goods, Christmas is coming under the power of wanting-for-oneself; it is becoming the instrument of an insatiable egoism and has fallen under the sway of possessions and of power––whereas this event in fact brings us exactly the opposite message. Pruning back Christmas so that it is once again simple would be an enormous achievement."

The Wrath of God: "The wrath of God is a way of saying that I have been living in a way that is contrary to the love that is God. Anyone who begins to live and grow away from God, who lives away from what is good, is turning his life toward wrath."

On True Love: "Love, in the true sense, is not always a matter of giving way, being soft, and just acting nice. In that sense, a sugar-coated Jesus or a God who agrees to everything and is never anything but nice and friendly is no more than a caricature of real love. Because God loves us, because he wants us to grow into truth, he must necessarily make demands on us and must also correct us."

The Feminine: "It is theologically and anthropologically important for woman to be at the center of Christianity. Through Mary, and the other holy women, the feminine element stand at the heart of the Christian religion. And this is not in competition with Christ. To think of Christ and Mary as being in competition means ignoring the essential distinctions between these two figures. . . . That is not a competition, but a more profound kind of intimacy. The Mother and Virgin forms an essential part of the Christian picture of man."

On Liturgy: "We do at least need a new liturgical consciousness, to be rid of this spirit of arbitrary fabrication. Things have gone so far that Sunday litugy groups are cobbling together the liturgy for themselves. . . . The most important thing today is that we should regain respect for the liturgy and for the fact that it is not to be manipulated."\

The Christian faith can never be separated from the soil of sacred events, from the choice made by God, who wanted to speak to us, to become man, to die and rise again, in a particular place and at a particular time. . . . The Church does not pray in some kind of mythical omnitemporality. She cannot forsake her roots. She recognizes the true utterance of God precisely in the concreteness of its history, in time and place: to these God ties us, and by these we are all tied together. The diachronic aspect, praying with the Fathers and the apostles, is part of what we mean by rite, but it also includes a local aspect, extending from Jerusalem to Antioch, Rome, Alexandria, and Constantinople. Rites are not, therefore, just the products of inculturation, however much they may have incorporated elements from different cultures. They are forms of the apostolic Tradition and of its unfolding in the great places of the Tradition.

Unspontaneity is of their essence. In these rites I discover that something is approaching me here that I did not produce myself, that I am entering into something greater than myself, which ultimately derives from divine revelation. This is why the Christian East calls the liturgy the "Divine Liturgy", expressing thereby the liturgy's independence from human control.

Dancing is not a form of expression for the Christian liturgy. In about the third century, there was an attempt in certain Gnostic-Docetic circles to introduce it into the liturgy. For these people, the Crucifixion was only an appearance. . . . Dancing could take the place of the liturgy of the Cross, because, after all, the Cross was only an appearance. The cultic dances of the different religions have different purposes - incantation, imitative magic, mystical ecstasy - none of which is compatible with the essential purpose of the liturgy as the "reasonable sacrifice". It is totally absurd to try to make the liturgy "attractive" by introducing dancing pantomimes (wherever possible performed by professional dance troupes), which frequently (and rightly, from the professionals' point of view) end with applause. Wherever applause breaks out in the liturgy because of some human achievement, it is a sure sign that the essence of liturgy has totally disappeared and been replaced by a kind of religious entertainment. Such attraction fades quickly - it cannot compete in the market of leisure pursuits, incorporating as it increasingly does various forms of religious titillation.

This action of God, which takes place through human speech, is the real "action" for which all creation is in expectation. The elements of the earth are transubstantiated, pulled, so to speak, from their creaturely anchorage, grasped at the deepest ground of their being, and changed into the Body and Blood of the Lord. The New Heaven and the New Earth are anticipated. The real "action" in the liturgy in which we are all supposed to participate is the action of God himself. This is what is new and distinctive about the Christian liturgy: God himself acts and does what is essential.

“The Cross is the approbation of our existence, not in words, but in an act so completely radical that it caused God to become flesh and pierced this flesh to the quick; that, to God, it was worth the death of his incarnate Son. One who is so loved that the other identifies his life with this love and no longer desires to live if he is deprived of it; one who is loved even unto death – such a one knows that he is truly loved. But if God so loves us, then we are loved in truth. Then love is truth, and truth is love. Then life is worth living. This is the evangelium. This is why, even as the message of the Cross, it is glad tidings for one who believes; the only glad tidings that destroy the ambiguity of all other joys and make them worthy to be joy. Christianity is, by its very nature, joy – the ability to be joyful.”

“Jesus dies because there are forces hostile to truth; his obedience is fiedelity to truth in conflict with the tangled web of untruth. But it is precisely by obeying truth that he obeys both the Father and the Scripture that he interprets by virtue of his immediate relationship to God, that he thereby opens anew to his inmost foundation, filling it with a new reality by his living of its word. His relationship to the fundamental ground of being is a relationship of real union with the fundamental truth – that is, “Sonship”: in this relationship to God, the very letter becomes flesh.”

In Jesus’ life from the Father, in the immediacy and closeness of his association with him in prayer and indeed face to face, he is God’s witness, through whom the intangible has become tangible, the distant has drawn near. And further: he is not simpl7y the witness whose evidence we mtrust when he tells us what he had seen in an existence which had already made the about-turn from a false concentration on the foreground of life to the depths of the whole truth; he is the presence of the eternal itself in this world

“But that means that the Eucharist is far more than just a meal; it has cost a death to provide it, and the majesty of death is present in it. Whenever we hold it, we should be filled with reverence in the face of this mystery, with awe in the face of this mysterious death the becomes a present reality in our midst.” Page 44

The Christian feast, the Eucharist, plumbs the very depths of death. It is not just a matter of pious discourse and entertainment, of some kind of religious beautification, spreading a pious gloss on the world; it plumbs the very depths of existence, which it call death . . . . what the tradition sums up in the sentence: The Eucharist is a sacrifice, the presentation of Jesus Christ’s sacrifice on the Cross. “ page 44

“The Eucharist is not itself the sacrament of reconciliation, but in fact it presupposes that sacrament. It is the sacrament of the reconciled, to which the Lord invites all those who have become one with him; who certainly still remain weak sinners, but yet have give their hand to him and have become part of his family. That is why, form the beginning, the Eucharist has been preceded by a discernment.” Page 66

“Thus he makes his word come true: “I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to myself” (Jn 12:32). That is why we do not need to harbor the fear that motivated Luther to protest against the Catholic idea of Mass as sacrifice, that thereby the glory of Christ might be diminished, or that the “sacrifice was not enough and that we ought to, or could, add something to it. Such mistaken ideas may well have been current, but they have nothing to do with the real meaning of the concept of the sacrificial character of the Mass.” Page 50

“man was not just thrown up into the world by some quirk of evolution. The underlying truth is that each person is meant to exist. Each person is God’s own idea. Within everything that just for the moment exist factually, a plan and an idea are at work, and this gives meaning to my search for my own ideal self and to my coexistence with the world and with the onward path of history.” Page 75

“There is one thing we must not forget: it has always been the Mother who reached people in missionary situations and made Christ accessible to them. That is especially true of Latin America. Here, to some extent, Christianity arrived by way of Spanish swords, with deadly heralds. In Mexcio, at first, absolutely nothing could be done about missionary work – until the occurrence for the phenomenon at Guadalupe, and then the Son was suddenly near by way of his Mother.” Page 300

“You can never predict in advance how things will turn our. Anyone who is extrapolating the decline of the church in academic, statistical fashion from the situation in Europe is failing to recognize the unpredictable nature of human history in general – and in particular, God’s power to take the initiative by intervening, as he is always able to do. page 459

“Initially, it was possible for people to think, with respect to Lourdes, that this little girl had fantasized something. And then it turned out after all the she herself was really there, the Mother -Mary. It is certainly not by chance that people are nowadays turning again to Mary, in whom Christianity becomes loveable again and close to us, and we really do find the door again through the Mother.” Page 459

“The Church does not invent sins but recognizes the will of God and has to declare it. Of course, the great thing . . . is that upon the Church, which has to declare the will of God in its full magnitude, in its unconditional rigor, so that man should know his true measure, is bestowed as a gift, at the same time, the task of forgiving.” Page 67

Salt of the Earth: Christianity and the Catholic Church at the End of the Millennium : An Interview With Peter Seewald

“when you are studying theology, your intention is not to learn a trade but to understand the faith, and this presupposes, as we said a while ago, using the words of Augustine, that the faith is true, that, in other words, it opens the door to a correct understanding of your own life, of the world and of men.” Page 59

For me [becoming Perfect of the Congregation for the Faith] the cost was that I couldn’t do full time what I hand envisaged for myself, namely really contributing my thinking and speaking to the great intellectual conversation of our time, by developing an opus of my own. I had to descend to the little and various things pertaining to factual conflicts and events. I had to leave aside a great part of what would interest me and simply serve and to accept that as my task. And I had to free myself from the idea that I absolutely have to write or read this or that, I had to acknowledge that my task is here.” Pages 116,117

The Nazi solicited from its youth the desire to distinguish itself, to accomplish exploits beyond the common order and beyond nature. The Nazi Party, thanks to the young men of the S.S., of the S.D., and of the Gestapo, would accomplish in the field of criminality what no other sane person could imagine

You shouldn't associate the "Hitler Jugend" with the criminal divisions you state. The Hitler Youth didn't start out as part of the Nazi War Machine....but eventually was incorporated as a means of necessity...they started out doing rebuilding projects and farming and the likes...not as brain washed killers....

He did not skip it in his autobiography. He was forced briefly to join the Hitler Youth (it became compulsory for all kids), got out, then later was conscripted into the German army. He ultimately deserted and surrendered to Americans soldiers.

He has been instrumental in some of John Paul II's most important moves towards a more positive Catholic relationship with Judaism. He is not an "ex-Nazi" Pope but the last Pope we are likely to have who has personal experience of 20th century totalitarianism and has thought deeply about its evil.

I saw somewhere that Ratzinger himself said recently that the Holy Spirit guarantees that the Church won't go down the tubes as the result of the Cardinals' choice, but not much more. He also said that there had been too many Popes that couldn't possibly be blamed on the Holy Spirit!

I never said that Priests, Bishops and Cardinals didn't make mistakes, after all they are human as you and I are. What I did say was that the Cardinals listened to The Holy Spirit and elected the now Pope Benedict XVI. The Holy Spirit IS God, it is my belief that if we listen to God we cannot go wrong. I don't believe they went wrong by electing this Pope, may God bless him and guide him, and I'm sure He will. May God bless you also and give you the grace to listen to Him, you'll never be sorry!

The Hitler Youth (HJ) movement only began in 1926, for boys and girls ages 14-18. Each group had divisions for younger children since Hitler wanted to ensure that all children were directly involved with his efforts to create his superior German race. Each of which needed to prove their true German blood by tracing back their lineage as far as they could. Obviously no one with any Jewish blood was allowed to infiltrate the group. were brainwashed with Nazi ideology. They were taught about the superior race and the highly inferior race and learned to hate at a very early age. They were made to believe that they were better than everyone else; therefore The Hitler Youth Movement gave them an extreme amount of power, and were easily encouraged to turn in their parents for treason and beat people on the street who did not agree with their Nazi policies. Worst of all they turned on their friends and family.

The weaker were brainwashed, yes; but several resistance groups formed as an alternative to the Hitler Youth such as the Edelweiss pirates and defied Hitler and wrote "Down with Hitler" on walls and buildings.

The latter would carry the badge of being "honorable"; not those that stayed with the Hitler Youth Movement.

Ratzinger's class was forcibly enrolled in the Hitler Youth when he was a young man. He asked immediately to his teacher, or of his teacher, to be disenrolled. And, of course, he was conscripted into the German Army. He didn't volunteer. He spent a few months in an anti-aircraft battalion in Munich and then deserted.

Read back..yes he was in the German Army, but your summary wouldn't pull an A in a World History class..lol.

There's a difference between a Nazi and a German. Many Germans weren't Nazis, disliked or hated the Nazis, but were also patriotic Germans, so they joined the army and fought when Germany went to war. Take Erwin Rommel, for instance. He despised the Nazis, but he loved his country, so he fought, instead of deserting. Became the Reich's best tank commander, too.

Wonder where some of these posters get their info--could it be the liberal Mainstream media? :

Nets Zero in on "Ultraconservative" Ratzinger, "God's Rottweiler" Just as Germany's Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger has emerged in the media as a leading papal candidate, the U.S. media have decided to do their best to discredit him by applying extreme and pejorative labels to him and portraying him as the enemy of progress. On Sunday, NBC's Jim Maceda referred to "the ultraconservative Ratzinger" and reported that "he was briefly a member of Hitler's youth group in Nazi Germany." On Monday morning, Katie Couric asserted that Ratzinger is "known to be quite conservative. He's been called 'God's rottweiler' because of his strict adherence to Catholic doctrine and 'The Enforcer' as well." Echoing Couric, ABC's David Wright said "he's been dubbed 'God's rottweiler,' a staunch conservative..." After her viewers voted Ratzinger the "Person of the Day," CNN's Paula Zahn on Monday night lamented how "he's butted heads with theologians and teachers, silencing dissent, shutting down debate over issues such as homosexuality and the ordination of women."

http://www.mediaresearch.org/cyberalerts/2005/cyb20050419.asp#1

Sound familar? ;)

The USA Army landing in Morocco and Algeria, forced Rommel's troops to leave Tunisia. Yes, Rommel warned Hitler that Germany was on the verge of defeat and encouraged him to end the war. But even though he may have disliked Hitler as his boss..he served and therefore in my eyes was as guilty in the success of Hitler's atrocities as the next Nazi under this madman. He should have plotted to have Hitler killed like he was requested and it might have saved his own life, however...he experienced the sweet taste of poison.

Thanks you make me think.

The USA Army landing in Morocco and Algeria, forced Rommel's troops to leave Tunisia.

Shoot...Allied air and naval power caused Germany to lose North Africa....had nothing to do with the U.S.A....Our Army got our ass kicked the first 6 months in North Africa....

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