Posted on 04/05/2005 9:06:32 AM PDT by ShadowAce
As computer makers move to embed security features deep within the viscera of PCs, a fight is erupting over the BIOS, a rarely noticed but crucial application that controls a machine before the operating system can take over.
If the operating system is the equivalent of a computer's brain, then the BIOS, or Basic Input Output System, might be compared to the medula oblongata, the place where the brain meets the spine. The most primitive reflexes are governed here, well below the level of conscious thought. Typically, the BIOS announces its presence on start-up by flashing lights and whirring drives as it prepares a machine to receive higher level instructions.
Despite its little-seen role, the BIOS is a vital part of a PC, and its construction and installation are closely guarded by a small number of PC makers, such as Dell, and speciality BIOS programming firms for hire.
What's new:
Details about the basic software that lets your operating system get started are closely guarded. Critics of BIOS secrecy want to force the door open so consumers take charge of their own computers.
Bottom line:
Makers of BIOS software get proprietary information from chipmakers and others. As critics call for free BIOS software, expect those who hold the secrets to try to tighten their grips.
Now, some critics are for the first time seeking to force the industry to abandon its hallmark secrecy. As the BIOS becomes more powerful, these critics argue, consumers must be allowed to freely develop their own alternatives to ensure they keep control of their devices--and that means the industry must open up.
"We need a free BIOS, because if we don't control the BIOS we don't control our computers," said Richard Stallman, president of the Free Software Foundation, a Boston-based organization dedicated to promoting the use of, modification and redistribution of computer programs. "It puts me in an ethically compromised position to have a non-free program in my machine."
The free BIOS initiative comes at a time when the BIOS is undergoing the first major change in its history--a transition from machine code-based BIOS to a new framework dubbed the Extensible Firmware Interface, or EFI. At the same time, efforts to secure PCs through hardware-based defenses are leading critics like Stallman to warn of a pending loss of consumer control over their devices.
The FSF has spearheaded numerous campaigns lobbying for greater consumer control over software. The group now plans to mount a campaign to open up specifications required to write BIOSes. The free BIOS movement that Stallman advocates would let people install, modify and redistribute BIOS software--although not necessarily free of charge. Significantly, that would allow people to circumvent some pending security enhancements, including pending digital-rights management features aiming to prevent unauthorized use of confidential corporate documents and other copyright materials, if they chose to do so.
Given the closely held nature of the BIOS business, Stallman and the FSF are likely to face resistance from hardware and BIOS makers. Many already contend that creating free BIOS software just for the sake of it being free has limited value to computer users. Executives at BIOS makers and Intel argue instead that the tightly controlled BIOS model used today helps maintain PCs' security and stability, as well as foster competition by protecting companies' intellectual property.
"Neither you nor I, as a user of a computer, has any reason to change the BIOS...unless it's broken," said Jonathan Joseph, CEO of BIOS maker Insyde Software. "You're not going to type any faster in (Microsoft) Word because you have a new BIOS. The only thing you hide in BIOS is broken hardware."
Others cite guarding against hackers as a reason to keep BIOS closely held.
"The one thing we have to worry about first is security. What do you think would happen if there was a virus that started reflashing PCs" BIOS software, said Mike Goldgof, senior vice president of marketing at Phoenix Technologies. "If it ever happened on a large scale, I think a lot of PCs would start turning into bricks. What people take for granted...is the reliability of the (BIOS) firmware today."
Intel, for its part, has proposed a middle ground of sorts by open sourcing technology it calls Tiano. Tiano is its implementation of a framework for creating a BIOS replacement, with its own set of drivers to turn on elements of the PC such as the processor, based on EFI. Committing it to open source means others will be able to download it from a Web site called TianoCore.org and use it to make products under the Berkley Software Distribution, or BSD, license. The BSD will allow anyone who uses it to change it and create products out of it. But it does not require they provide the changes they made to others via open source, which provides the means to help companies protect intellectual property.
The effort by Intel creates a framework for a BIOS replacement, and thus could become the basis for free BIOSes. But it leaves the work of writing the code that initializes PC components to the downloader. One licensee likened it to having to build a race car. Intel, he said, provides race rules and the car's frame but leaves licensees to do their own engine, suspension, body work and other elements if they want to enter a race.
'Evil' companies?
Stallman argues instead that Intel is not doing enough and BIOS makers are not needed. Instead, he wants information.
"We're not wanting to do anything with the BIOSes from Phoenix or any of the others," he said. "We're not asking them to do anything, any more than we're asking Microsoft to do anything. These (companies) are evil. You can't expect them to do anything just because you ask them to. Our goal is to escape from them."
Thus, the free BIOS effort, as Stallman sees it happening, will essentially bypass traditional BIOS makers and instead focus on appealing to hardware manufacturers. The campaign will ask those companies, including PC makers and motherboard makers, to make available specifications on their products to allow free software writers to create BIOSes for them.
Stallman also dismisses rebuttals that free BIOS would compromise a PC's security, stability or reveal companies' proprietary chip, motherboard or other product information.
"Each one could be saying, 'If the others knew what we were doing, it would help them tremendously.' It might be true in a few cases, but it's impossible in all cases," Stallman said. "They can't all be sitting on secrets that are beyond the ken of their competitors. They can't all be the ones that know more than everybody else."
Moreover, detailed chip and motherboard information will not be required to create a free BIOS, he said. Instead, free BIOS makers would need access to closely held instructions, such as how a BIOS loads and how it initializes various devices inside a PC.
A free BIOS would also help circumvent, if necessary, digital-rights management, allowing people to run any software they choose on their PCs. In theory, the BIOS can be used to aid security technology, as it initializes hardware such as security chips.
Although BIOS makers and Intel say the BIOS' role is limited to helping get those elements of a system up and running along with the rest of it, a BIOS writer could write around them in order to shut them off, if needed, Stallman said.
"DRM is theft," he said. "The idea of the free software movement is you should be in control of your own computer. Treacherous competing (his term for so-called trusted computing) is a scheme to make sure you're not in control."
Ultimately, the free BIOS would emulate software such as the LinuxBIOS-- a free BIOS that's already in existence for Linux, but does not work with a large number of PCs--on a much broader scale.
"It's generally known that free software is very secure and very reliable," Stallman said. "If there's a bug in the BIOS, the only thing that will happen is some part of your machine won't work and that bug would be quite noticeable and it would be fixed, presuming that the information was available."
But that's the rub. Detailed specifications on cutting-edge PC hardware may be tough to come by. The information given to BIOS makers now is granted under nondisclosure and it's not clear whether companies such as Intel, PC makers like Dell, or motherboard makers would reveal even a little bit of information.
"You'd need to know the confidential information about the chips to write" a free BIOS, Insyde Software's Joseph said. Right now, "that info is only available on old hardware that nobody really cares about anymore."
That, however, won't stop Stallman from asking.
I was thinking of that, but by supporting just Dell, AMI and Phoenix you could get a HUGE chunk of the PCs in use today.
There may just be, in order to implement Microsoft's Trusted Computing/DRM schemes.
It's been done, sort of. Back around 1997, my office got hit with the Anti-CMOS C virus. It's a vicious bug that changes the hard disk settings in the BIOS, so whenever a file is written other sections of the drive get trashed because the heads are in the wrong spot. The symptoms appear gradually over time- a garbled file here, missing directory entries there- until the disk becomes completely unusable. There was no removal tool for it, the only solution was to delete the partitions, flash the BIOS, create the partitions, format the drive and install the OS. We lost three PCs to it.
If I want to get a copy of The Incredibles for home viewing over and over, in high quality with extras and commentary, what is my option? DVD. They have a monopoly, and with that comes responsibility.
You do not have an absolute right to dictate the hardware designs of computer manufacturers
No but I do have fair use rights on their copyrighted works, and their technology sometimes interferes with those rights. Or how about a basic right: to view that which you have legally purchased? I bought a DVD player. I bought a DVD. I want to play it. Oops, our profit-driven market segregation doesn't allow that. Too effin' bad, I'll hack the hardware so I can watch my German DVDs as much as I want to. CSS is trying to keep me from taking fair use snippets and making backups? Too effin' bad, the tools I need to exercise my rights that were made illegal under the DMCA aren't illegal in other countries, and the WWW is far-reaching.
I agree, but methods to circumvent that in order to restore fair use rights should not be illegal.
For example, you can buy automobiles overseas that simply can't be driven in the United States without modification to the hardware.
Don't I know that one. I had to leave a nice sports car in Germany because it was impossible to make it street legal over here, and trying to convince a customs agent that it's only going be used on the track was just too full of "if"s for me to try.
It may have been remotely possible to modify it, but I gave up on the idea after reading that it took Bill Gates a few years and hundreds of thousands of dollars to get street-legal Porsche 959s here.
A very large number of PC owners don't understand less dangerous stuff like how to remove unwanted items from starting up with Windows. And they want to give these people a higher level of access to The BIOS? Not good.
I do too. But there is a way to fix it. When the last one I did got horked, I called up the company I bought the flash from and bitched until they agreed to send me a new chip with the BIOS on it. Plug and play. I was all happy happy after that. I may never flash another BIOS again. Just buy the chip.
bttt
He and Ralf Lauren got it going. They had to lobby (pay) for a law, wait for regulations to be made according to it, and reengineer a lot of the engine, but they did it. Apparently it's now just shy of 600 bhp due to some modernizations, especially of the turbos.
Like I said, if it was that difficult for Gates, I didn't stand a chance.
Boy, talk about closing the barn door after the horses have escaped! Been there, done that, for years now!
And it's a straw argument as well... Having access to the BIOS code won't make it any easier to flash the bios, though it may allow for unintended things to happen. When a virus flashes your bios now, it just keeps your computer from booting. And depending on the motherboard, you may need to send it back to the manufacturer.
Mark
Those were the good old days... When you needed an EEPROM burner to update the bios, pulling the old chip out, and installing the new chip.
Back then, I had a diagnostic board that came with a PROM that would allow you to boot a dead motherboard, directly from the diag board, to see what was wrong with it. 8 out of 10 times, if the motherboard was getting power, you could figure out what the problem was, and if it was fixable or not.
Mark
Huh? The BIOS is where the bootstrap code is, and unless there's a bank of register switches hiding somewhere on the Mac for hand loading the bootstrap code (like I had to do on a DEC PDP-4 a long time ago), there's BIOS there somewhere.
And things must have changed tremendously over the years. Apple used to guard their BIOS code, as well as their architecture specifics very carefully, which is why there were only a very few licensed clones of Apple systems over the years. And I also remember when some of the Apple BIOS code was released on the Internet some years ago. Apple went APE!
Mark
As I posted earlier, I miss the good old days of removable BIOS chips, and an EEPROM burner!
I used to regularly burn updates to Phoenix BIOS, and I had the code, though I never would have thought about changing it, other than the banners. Just had to recompute the checksums.
Mark
The term "BIOS" is usually associated with x86 computers (and CP/M computers previously). In a generic sense, punch cards and microcode could be called a BIOS too.
And things must have changed tremendously over the years. Apple used to guard their BIOS code, as well as their architecture specifics very carefully, which is why there were only a very few licensed clones of Apple systems over the years.
Mac OS X is built on top of Darwin, an open source Unix.
And I also remember when some of the Apple BIOS code was released on the Internet some years ago. Apple went APE!
There were several instances involving firmware, not BIOS code. Some hackers disassembled the firmware and distributed annotated listings, and some system cloners like Franklin simply copied binary the firmware.
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