The key word in the 4th Amendment is "unreasonable". You have absolutely no expectation of privacy in the air around your vehicle. Therefore, there is no violation if a dog sniffs the air around your vehicle while the cops are writing you a ticket.
The result might be different if the cops refuse to let you leave until a dog arrives. In that case, the cops would need some kind of probable cause or reasonable suspicion before they could hold you longer than a normal traffic stop.
Ditto. My only concern about this was time lost.
They did.
Please define the length of time here...