Many if not all the ships wouldn't fit through the canal.
And yes a carrier would make it through a nasty hurricane at sea. If one were coming towards one at its docks it would go out to sea where it would have a better chance of riding it out.
In this uncertain world I don't think you'd want a carrier in such a situation as being in a lock where it is a sitting duck.
Around tierra del fuego? No problem.
A typhoon in 1967 knocked a screw off the Coral Sea, and screwed up the flight deck... it spent weeks in Japan, for repairs. I was on a DD, and we were forced to stay there, too... boohoo!
Does anyone remember it?