Posted on 11/10/2003 4:36:19 AM PST by RJCogburn
Rabbi Yaakov Y. Horowitz's version of American History 101 runs something like this:
When the colonies were settled, the shochet, or kosher slaughterer, was not far behind. When gold prospectors flocked to California, so did the kosher inspectors. When Passover arrived at Army camps during the Civil War, so did the matzo.
The founder of American Jewish Legacy, a nonprofit historical organization, Rabbi Horowitz has created an exhibit of kosher practices that offers glimpses of how Jewish dietary laws were followed from the earliest arrivals of Jews in the mid-17th century into the last century.
"The development of Judaism was tied to kosher food," Rabbi Horowitz said last week. "I have to get the word out that all of this stuff we're dealing with, the history of traditional Jews, is endangered. People with memories are dying before their oral histories are taken. Synagogues are being demolished. Archives are being thrown out of synagogues and basements."
The rabbi's historical account, illustrated on a series of large display panels, was briefly on display last week at Kosherfest 2003, a trade fair at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center with a head-spinning array of kosher products, such as gnocchi in tomato and basil sauce, margarita mix-flavored nuts, ginger teriyaki marinade, $400 bottles of French wine and Poppy Chocky Wocky Doodah Gourmet Popcorn Sensations.
Together, the exhibit and the trade show conveyed a remarkable evolution, from a sometimes primitive struggle for traditional Jews to observe ancient dietary laws to a modern industry with $170 billion in sales that also markets to mildly observant Jews, seekers of healthful foods, vegans and the lactose-intolerant.
The rabbi's effort is tied to the 350th anniversary of the arrival, in 1654, of 23 Jews in New York. Historians say they were the first group of Jews to reach North America, and institutions across the Jewish world are using the occasion to celebrate the history of American Judaism. The rabbi said he was also hoping to take his display on the road.
Rabbi Horowitz is a great-grandson of the founder of the Bostoner Hasidic community, and leads the Bostoner Bais Medrash congregation in Lawrence, N.Y. The exhibit's theme also fits nicely into his day job, which is supervising rabbi of the B. Manischewitz Company. While paid by the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, he is assigned to the company, which pays the Orthodox Union for its services.
Richard A. Bernstein, the chairman of Manischewitz's holding company, R.A.B. Holdings, has personally donated to the Legacy and said he planned to back the exhibit's tour.
In colonial times, the beneficiaries of kosher sales were mainly congregations. Congregation Shearith Israel, which was established in New York in 1654 and built what the exhibit says was the first synagogue in the colonies, had a monopoly on the kosher meat supply until 1813. Congregation Mikveh Israel of Philadelphia, which had roots dating back to 1740, produced Passover matzo for the Jews of the city and provided donations for the poor. A kosher table was prepared for Jews in Philadelphia in 1788 at a celebration marking Pennsylvania's ratification of the Constitution, although the exhibit's account has a hazy moment, calling it the ratification of the Bill of Rights.
As it does today, the degree of observance varied. In Savannah, Ga., in 1738, a Lutheran minister, Martin Bolzius, wrote, "The Spanish and Portuguese Jews are not so strict in so far as eating is concerned as the others are . . . The German Jews on the other hand would rather starve than eat meat they do not slaughter themselves."
The exhibit includes accounts of the difficulty of trying to maintain dietary laws amid the hardships of the frontier. The Helena Daily Independent described a Montana woman named Mrs. Wolf Sabolsky in the 1870's as "so rigid in her observance that she might be said to have been a vegetarian."
Indeed, kosher slaughterers traveled from town to town, butchering as they went. Rabbi Benjamin Papermaster came from Lithuania in 1890 to serve the Jews of North Dakota. His son Isadore recalled the rabbi's regular visits to an outpost of Jews in Starkweather. "He spent several weeks there as each of the colonists wanted to put in his supply of kosher meat and fowl for the winter." As railroads spread, Jews in small Great Plains towns waited for deliveries by train, often receiving food that had spoiled.
The kosher food business grew slowly until the late 19th century, when the large influx of Eastern European and Russian Jews created a broader market. New York had more than 5,000 kosher butchers and 1,000 slaughterers, the display said, which gave rise to scandals over the sale of meat fraudulently presented as kosher.
In the early decades of the last century, established companies began marketing to observant Jews.
The final part of the exhibit shows advertisements for mainstream kosher products from the 1920's to the 1940's, from the collection of Shulamith Z. Berger, the curator of special collections at Yeshiva University and co-director of the exhibit.
Among them are ads for Pillsbury flour ("For Your Sabbath Chollah"), Canada Dry ginger ale ("the royal drink for millions of ordinary people"), Borden's homogenized milk ("Buba never dreamed of such milk!") and Maxwell House coffee ("50 Years of Progress for the Jewish Woman").
PASSOVER— A REMINISCENCE OF THE WAR
by J.A. Joel, "The Jewish Messenger", April 1866
In the commencement of the war of 1861, I enlisted from Cleveland, Ohio, in the Union cause, to sustain intact the Government of the United States, and became attached to the 23rd Regiment, one of the first sent from the "Buckeye State." Our destination was West Virginia— a portion of the wildest and most mountainous region of that State, well adapted for the guerrillas who infested that part, and caused such trouble to our pickets all through the war. After an arduous march of several hundred miles through Clarksburgh, Weston, Sommerville, and several other places of less note, which have become famous during the war, we encountered on the 10th of September, 1861, at Carnifax Ferry, the forces under the rebel Gen. Floyd. After this, we were ordered to take up our position at the foot of Sewell Mountain, and we remained there until we marched to the village of Fayette, to take it, and to establish there our Winter-quarters, having again routed Gen. Floyd and his forces. While lying there, our camp duties were not of an arduous character, and being apprised of the approaching Feast of Passover, twenty of my comrades and co-religionists belonging to the Regiment, united in a request to our commanding officer for relief from duty, in order that we might keep the holydays, which he readily acceded to. The first point was gained, and, as the Paymaster had lately visited the Regiment, he had left us plenty of greenbacks. Our next business was to find some suitable person to proceed to Cincinnati, Ohio, to buy us îöåú [Matzos] Our sutler being a co-religionist and going home to that city, readily undertook to send them. We were anxiously awaiting to receive our matzos and about the middle of the morning of òøá ôñç [Eve of Passover] a supply train arrived in camp, and to our delight seven barrels of Matzos. On opening them, we were surprised and pleased to find that our thoughtful sutler had enclosed two Hagedahs and prayer-books. We were now able to keep the seder nights, if we could only obtain the other requisites for that occasion. We held a consultation and decided to send parties to forage in the country while a party stayed to build a log hut for the services. About the middle of the afternoon the foragers arrived, having been quite successful. We obtained two kegs of cider, a lamb, several chickens and some eggs. Horseradish or parsley we could not obtain, but in lieu we found a weed, whose bitterness, I apprehend, exceeded anything our forefathers "enjoyed". We were still in a great quandary; we were like the man who drew the elephant in the lottery. We had the lamb, but did not know what part was to represent it at the table; but Yankee ingenuity prevailed, and it was decided to cook the whole and put it on the table, then we could dine off it, and be sure we had the right part. The necessaries for the choroutzes we could not obtain, so we got a brick which, rather hard to digest, reminded us, by looking at it, for what purpose it was intended.
At dark we had all prepared, and were ready to commence the service. There being no çæï present, I was selected to read the services, which I commenced by asking the blessing of the Almighty on the food before us, and to preserve our lives from danger. The ceremonies were passing off very nicely, until we arrived at the part where the bitter herb was to be taken. We all had a large portion of the herb ready to eat at the moment I said the blessing; each eat his portion, when horrors! what a scene ensued in our little congregation, it is impossible for my pen to describe. The herb was very bitter and very fiery like Cayenne pepper, and excited our thirst to such a degree, that we forgot the law authorizing us to drink only four cups, and the consequence was we drank up all the cider. Those that drank the more freely became excited, and one thought he was Moses, another Aaron, and one had the audacity to call himself Pharaoh. The consequence was a skirmish, with nobody hurt, only Moses, Aaron and Pharaoh, had to be carried to the camp, and there left in the arms of Morpheus. This slight incident did not take away our appetite, and, after doing justice to our lamb, chickens and eggs, we resumed the second portion of the service without anything occurring worthy of note.
There, in the wild woods of West Virginia, away from home and friends, we consecrated and offered up to the ever-loving G-d of Israel our prayers and sacrifice. I doubt whether the spirits of our forefathers, had they been looking down on us, standing there with our arms by our side ready for an attack, faithful to our G-d and our cause, would have imagined themselves amongst mortals, enacting this commemoration of the scene that transpired in Egypt.
……………………….
Adams Run
April 24th, 1864
Dear Leonora ,
No doubt you were much surprised on receiving a letter from me addressed to our dear parents dated on the 21st inst which was the first day of ôñç [Pesach]. [note from LMB: Orthodox Jews are prohibited from writing on Sabbath or a festival] We were all under the impression in camp that the first day of the festival was the 22nd and if my memory serves me right I think that Ma wrote me that Pesach was on the 22nd inst. Zeke [Isaac's brother Capt. Ezekiel J. Levy of the 46th VA] was somewhat astonished on arriving in Charleston on Wednesday afternoon, to learn that that was the first ñãø [Seder] night. He purchased îöåú [Matzot] sufficient to last us for the week. The cost is somewhat less than in Richmond, being but two dollars per pound. [For point of reference, Matzah in New York City was then 6 cents a pound. LMB] We are observing the festival in a truly Orthodox style. On the first day we had a fine vegetable soup. It was made of a bunch of vegetables which Zeke brought from Charleston containing new onions, parsley, carrots turnips and a young cauliflower also a pound and a half of fresh [kosher] beef, the latter article sells for four dollars per pound in Charleston. Zeke E. did not bring us any meat from home. He brought some of his own, smoked meat, which he is sharing with us, he says that he supposes that Pa forgot to deliver it to him.
No news in the section at present. Troops from Florida are passing over the road enroute for Richmond. 'Tis probable that we will remain in this department and were it not for the unhealthy season which is approaching, would be well satisfied to remain here.
We received this morning Sarah's letter of the 18th inst. [Sarah Levy, Isaac's sister] and are truly sorry to hear that her sight is affected and that in a few days she will have recovered entirely her perfect sight. [Sarah Levy recovered from her eye problems and after the war married her sweetheart Cpl. Edwin Kursheedt, of the Louisiana Washington Artillery.]
Love to all
Your affectionate Brother
Isaac J. Levy
Isaac J. Levy was killed in the trenches at Petersburg, August 21, 1864.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.