Exactly
Overinvestment in 19th-century American railroads was driven by speculative debt, government land subsidies, and rapid track-building that outpaced actual economic demand. This boom-and-bust cycle triggered severe national depressions—most notably the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893.
Nobody looks back and says that railroads were a failure. AI will be huge and transformative.
Yes the railroads is an excellent bubble example. Thanks for all those details which I’m sure I read once and forgotten. :-)