Ditto, there is no definition of “ultraprocessed” or “processed”. Amazing that an educated researcher would waste time on this. What is “processed” bread? It was processed in an oven, aka “baked”.
99.9% of everything we eat is processed. Literally. Their terminology obscures their propositions. Impossible to decipher.
My tap water is processed.
I don’t know if there is processed bread, but there may be “chemical bread.” I don’t eat the stuff myself, but I have friends who visit who make sandwiches with it. One time they were on a Christmas trip to visit family and stopped both ways. I bought a loaf of standard grocery store bread to have on hand. They made 2 sandwiches, left the loaf on the kitchen counter. I didn’t notice it for a few days, saw no mold, put it in the refrigerator.
On their way back, same thing. 2 sandwiches, loaf on the counter. I decided to experiment and left the loaf out for a week. No mold. Put it in the fridge and waited 6 months. Took it out, no mold and looked and tasted fine. But it had a distinct chemical smell, not a bread smell. I call grocery store bread “chemical bread” now. Not scientific, of course. YMMV