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Looks like the big growth came between 1890 and 1930. That would pretty much coincide with the immigrant growth in the rest of the nation.

The US largely shut the door to mass immigration after 1910.

So you are saying that the Feds charged tariffs on Southern exports not on imports like the rest of the known world does. And then they gave the money to New York City to build the sewers. Is that it?

No. I'm saying that at that time the exporters were the importers. The exporters had to charter the ships and pay the crews, the insurance, etc to ship their goods across the Atlantic. They then had to fill the holds of those ships with something to try to help pay for the return voyage across the Atlantic. So sellers of Cotton, Tobacco, etc (ie Southerners) used the money from selling their goods to buy manufactured goods in the the UK and France. Those manufactured goods then got hit by the import tariff when they returned to the US.

Northern manufacturers who could not really compete economically with Britain and France naturally wanted very high tariff barriers. This let them increase prices in the US and still gain market share. They got very high tariffs (called the Tariff of Abominations) in the 1820s and it was wrecking the Southern economy. Not only were Southerners now paying more for manufactured goods, but they were also having to pay this tariff on the goods they bought over in Europe for import. Even their exports were hit as the Europeans could not afford to buy as much of their goods now that they'd been squeezed out of one of their big export markets and had less cash themselves. This is what caused the Nullification Crisis in the early 1830s.

A generation later the Northern corporate interests were at it again pushing for a very high tariff again. This time it was the Morrill Tariff. It passed the House and was certain to pass the US Senate. All that was needed was to bribe one or two Senators from various border states. The South had seen this before and they knew that this time - thanks to faster population growth in the North due to immigration - they did not have the political power to stop high tariffs anymore. All they had to look forward to was watching Northern special interests line their own pockets while simultaneously wrecking the economy of the Southern states to do so. That's what caused them to secede. Slavery wasn't the issue. The Lincoln administration and the North was perfectly willing to protect slavery by express constitutional amendment effectively forever. The thing they would not compromise over was the Tariff. The Southern states rejected their offer to protect slavery but keep the high tariff.