Created by combining more than 150,000 pieces of fossil evidence with state-of-the-art climate models, it shows the intimate link between carbon dioxide and global temperatures and reveals that the world was in a much warmer state for most of the history of complex animal life. At its hottest, the study suggests, the Earth’s average temperature reached 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit (36 degrees Celsius) — far higher than the historic 58.96 F (14.98 C) the planet hit last year.
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Good catch, the devil is in the details. I found a link too after a little digging. [1] The reconstruction has some validity. It picks up the great die-off of 250 million ybp. Pangaea was beginning to break-up, releasing water vapor, sulfates and CO2 into the atmosphere. I read that when super-continents formed, after about 100 million years, large plumes of magma well-up underneath resulting in increased volcanism, leading to a break-up of the super-continent.
The proxies seem to add value to the reconstruction [Michael Mann’s 1998 Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was complete garbage] but they added model simulations into the mix which are notoriously unreliable.
I remember reviewing satellite derived global annual temperature back in 1989. I remember that the average for that year was ~58.5F [see The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP)]. But NOAA hides these data archives from the public, so sad. The global annual average temperature is essentially unchanged, especially when uncertainty is added. They like to hide the uncertainty too. The spike in global temperatures after 2021 are most likely from the Hunga Tonga volcanic explosion of Jan. 2022. The explosion rang the Earth like a bell. But the injection of water vapor into the stratosphere is beginning to dissipate. I expect a slight cooling to resume into the 2030s from low solar and a stadium wave effect of warming and cooling (with a period of ~60 years (see Judith Curry).
1. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1526
My response is that there ought to be some increase in temp after 100 years of industrialization, plus the tonnage of bombs, including nuke tests, but whatever linked changes that we see is that of the earth making adjustments, as God "over-engineered" it, while the long-term positive effects - which are marginalized - will be positive.
And yet, catastrophic events are part of Divine judgment, and future fearful warming is when,
And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. (Revelation 16:8)
And,
But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up. Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness, Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat? (2 Peter 3:10-12)