Both. I only remember that the mighty Brits were there and had their guns pointed in the wrong direction thereby not able to protect Burma (British India), Vietnam (French Indo china) and that the entire ABCD front (American,British,Chinese,Dutch) fell apart. Two battleships were sunk near Singapore by a handful of Japanese zeros. I was only a pre-teen when it all happened. We got our news by wireless from the BBC.
I knew two brothers who were fortunate to survive Tjideng, tough times.