To my knowledge, no, SCOTUS has never ruled on the meaning of ‘natural born’. Some will name the US vs. Ark, but the issue there was native born not natural born.
Considering the importance of qualifying to be a presidential candidate, it's hard to believe that no one has brought a case to the SCOTUS to settle the definition of 'natural born' in Article 2 Section 1 Clause 5 of the Constitution.