| Transcript |
| · | Intro |
| 0:00 | · | the universe is still a crazy Place full |
| 0:02 | · | of seemingly impossible phenomena and |
| 0:04 | · | natural laws that somehow managed to |
| 0:06 | · | create the perfect conditions necessary |
| 0:07 | · | for humans to exist the only thing |
| 0:09 | · | harder to imagine than how much we've |
| 0:11 | · | learned about celestial bodies that are |
| 0:13 | · | billions of liars away in the inner |
| 0:14 | · | workings of the universe is well how |
| 0:17 | · | much we don't know this uncertainty |
| 0:19 | · | could bring rise to lots of new theories |
| 0:21 | · | that present mind-blowing possibilities |
| 0:22 | · | for our universe and the world around us |
| 0:24 | · | foreign |
| 0:27 | · | [Music] |
| · | Supermassive Black Holes |
| 0:36 | · | you're almost certainly familiar with |
| 0:38 | · | the concept of a black hole and how they |
| 0:40 | · | can form black holes are massive |
| 0:42 | · | celestial bodies with infinite density |
| 0:44 | · | in about 10 times the mass of our sun |
| 0:46 | · | their key characteristic is that the |
| 0:48 | · | gravitational force produced by a black |
| 0:49 | · | hole is so strong that not even light |
| 0:51 | · | can escape it hence their name they're |
| 0:54 | · | formed at the end of the life cycle of |
| 0:56 | · | certain stars that Supernova during |
| 0:58 | · | which the outer layers of the star |
| 1:00 | · | explode outward and what remains |
| 1:02 | · | collapses in on itself to produce the |
| 1:04 | · | black hole it is impossible for us to |
| 1:06 | · | directly observe a black hole since they |
| 1:09 | · | can neither emit nor reflect light so we |
| 1:12 | · | rely on things like radiation and |
| 1:13 | · | gravitational effects on nearby stars to |
| 1:16 | · | identify their existence this is most |
| 1:18 | · | likely what you'd ever learned in school |
| 1:20 | · | about black holes and for the majority |
| 1:22 | · | of them it's all true this is the |
| 1:24 | · | description of Stellar black holes the |
| 1:26 | · | ones made from stars but there's a |
| 1:28 | · | second category known as supermassive |
| 1:31 | · | black holes instead of having a handful |
| 1:33 | · | of times the mass of our sun |
| 1:35 | · | supermassive black holes have millions |
| 1:37 | · | or even billions of times our Sun's mass |
| 1:41 | · | two massive black holes have been found |
| 1:43 | · | in the centers of galaxies and it is |
| 1:45 | · | believed though not yet proven that |
| 1:48 | · | every galaxy in the universe has one at |
| 1:50 | · | their center now the obvious question |
| 1:51 | · | this raises is well where and when did |
| 1:54 | · | they come from and the answer to that is |
| 1:56 | · | we don't know the oldest supermassive |
| 1:58 | · | black hole identified so far only formed |
| 2:01 | · | a few hundred million years after the |
| 2:02 | · | big bang well that sounds like a long |
| 2:04 | · | time on a cosmic scale it really isn't |
| 2:07 | · | it certainly wouldn't have been enough |
| 2:08 | · | time for a stellar black hole to form |
| 2:10 | · | and then somehow consume enough batter |
| 2:11 | · | to have billions of times the mass of |
| 2:13 | · | our sun one possible solution is that |
| 2:16 | · | many of these supermassive black holes |
| 2:18 | · | may actually predate the Big Bang itself |
| 2:20 | · | there is a well-known theory that the |
| 2:23 | · | universe may be somewhat cyclical the |
| 2:25 | · | idea was that the Universe was formed by |
| 2:27 | · | the big bang and billions of years from |
| 2:29 | · | now there will be a big crunch where the |
| 2:31 | · | universe collapses back in on itself |
| 2:33 | · | before another Big Bang according to a |
| 2:35 | · | more recent Theory some supermassive |
| 2:37 | · | black holes may be the result of matter |
| 2:39 | · | that didn't collapse into the |
| 2:40 | · | singularity before the Big Bang if true |
| 2:43 | · | this would have huge implications and |
| 2:45 | · | raise a lot more questions it would mean |
| 2:47 | · | that the universe is in fact cyclical |
| 2:49 | · | and the it may have been repeating this |
| 2:51 | · | process forever it would also pose the |
| 2:53 | · | question of how some NATO is able to |
| 2:55 | · | avoid the Big Crunch to create these |
| 2:57 | · | primordial black holes of course this is |
| 3:00 | · | currently all speculation there is some |
| 3:02 | · | tenuous evidence to lend some amount |
| 3:03 | · | credibility to the idea but nothing |
| 3:05 | · | close to proof at least not yet |
| 3:08 | · | scientists have been actively searching |
| 3:10 | · | for the primordial black holes that |
| 3:12 | · | either predate the Big Bang or were |
| 3:14 | · | created within the first fractions of a |
| 3:16 | · | second after the Big Bang occurred and |
| 3:17 | · | many believe that finding them is a very |
| 3:19 | · | strong possibility |
| · | The Great Attractor |
| 3:25 | · | we are constantly peering off into the |
| 3:28 | · | depths of the universe in all directions |
| 3:29 | · | to see what Marvels we can discover and |
| 3:31 | · | how they could better help us understand |
| 3:33 | · | physics and cosmology all directions |
| 3:35 | · | that is except for one there's this area |
| 3:39 | · | known as the zone of avoidance that is |
| 3:41 | · | simply invisible to us this is the area |
| 3:44 | · | directly on the other side of the center |
| 3:46 | · | of the Milky Way because everything in |
| 3:48 | · | the Milky Way is so close to us |
| 3:49 | · | relatively speaking there are too many |
| 3:51 | · | stars and too much dust and gas for any |
| 3:54 | · | visible light to pass through to us from |
| 3:57 | · | the other side in 1929 it was discovered |
| 3:59 | · | that the Universe was expanding and that |
| 4:01 | · | the rate of expansion is increasing |
| 4:03 | · | while Galaxy clusters exist because of |
| 4:05 | · | gravity pulling them together all |
| 4:07 | · | galaxies should be moving further away |
| 4:09 | · | from one another over time thanks to the |
| 4:11 | · | theoretical repulsive force of dark |
| 4:13 | · | energy however a series of test results |
| 4:15 | · | in the 1970s showed that the Milky Way |
| 4:18 | · | wasn't traveling in the way that was |
| 4:20 | · | expected in instead we were being pulled |
| 4:23 | · | towards something that scientists named |
| 4:25 | · | The Great attractor the only problem was |
| 4:27 | · | that the great attractor happened to be |
| 4:29 | · | in the zone of avoidance so something |
| 4:31 | · | was pulling the Milky Way towards it and |
| 4:33 | · | we had no way to see what it was but |
| 4:35 | · | it's only visible light that's unable to |
| 4:37 | · | pass through the zone of avoidance as |
| 4:39 | · | our understanding of X-ray and infrared |
| 4:40 | · | astronomy has increased so too has our |
| 4:43 | · | understanding of the great attractor |
| 4:44 | · | scientists were able to put the location |
| 4:46 | · | of the great attractor about 150 million |
| 4:48 | · | light years away from the Milky Way in |
| 4:50 | · | the Norma supercluster cluster of |
| 4:53 | · | galaxies with a combined mass of one |
| 4:55 | · | quadrillion times that of our sun we |
| 4:58 | · | also learned that it wasn't just the |
| 4:59 | · | Milky Way but all of our neighboring |
| 5:02 | · | galaxies that were being drawn towards |
| 5:04 | · | this point as well so well mystery |
| 5:06 | · | solved right well no because in 2005 it |
| 5:09 | · | was discovered that the normal |
| 5:10 | · | supercluster wasn't nearly massive |
| 5:12 | · | enough to account for the attraction |
| 5:13 | · | towards it it only had a tenth of the |
| 5:16 | · | necessary Mass however another Discovery |
| 5:17 | · | was also made as well not only are we |
| 5:19 | · | being pulled towards the greater tractor |
| 5:21 | · | but the attractor was also being pulled |
| 5:23 | · | towards the shapley supercluster which |
| 5:25 | · | conveniently has 10 times the mass of |
| 5:27 | · | the normal supercluster this |
| 5:29 | · | particularly explained the debate over |
| 5:31 | · | the apparent mass of the great attractor |
| 5:32 | · | but still not entirely more importantly |
| 5:35 | · | we still don't really understand why |
| 5:37 | · | this is happening the supercluster of 10 |
| 5:39 | · | 000 galaxies that includes the Milky Way |
| 5:41 | · | is not dense enough to be |
| 5:43 | · | gravitationally bound so it should be |
| 5:45 | · | drifting apart but for some reason it's |
| 5:47 | · | being anchored to the great attractor |
| 5:49 | · | which is in turn being attracted to the |
| 5:52 | · | chaplia Tractor so as for what all of |
| 5:54 | · | this means well that part's a bit up in |
| 5:56 | · | the air some scientists believe that |
| 5:58 | · | this is how the universe will end they |
| 6:00 | · | believe the great attractor could be one |
| 6:02 | · | of the focal points for the Big Crunch |
| 6:04 | · | and that the 10 000 galaxies will all be |
| 6:06 | · | drawn to the greater tractor until they |
| 6:08 | · | collide with one another fortunately |
| 6:10 | · | this seems to be the party opinion most |
| 6:12 | · | artists seem confident that the |
| 6:14 | · | supercluster will eventually break apart |
| 6:15 | · | and spread out the way superclusters |
| 6:18 | · | always do it's a reasonable assumption |
| 6:20 | · | though we haven't previously observed a |
| 6:22 | · | supercluster that was being bound by a |
| 6:24 | · | gravitational anomaly like the great |
| 6:26 | · | attractor before so it's hard to know |
| 6:28 | · | for sure what will happen luckily |
| 6:30 | · | regardless of whether the galaxies |
| 6:31 | · | finally break apart or collide with one |
| 6:33 | · | another at the greater tractor neither |
| 6:35 | · | is going to happen for a few billion |
| 6:36 | · | years so there's no imminent danger |
| · | White Holes |
| 6:43 | · | black holes are regarded by most people |
| 6:46 | · | as the most bizarre and poorly |
| 6:48 | · | understood objects in the universe but |
| 6:50 | · | that doesn't take into account they're |
| 6:51 | · | even more confusing cousin to Whitehall |
| 6:54 | · | though white holes are entirely |
| 6:55 | · | theoretical at this point black holes |
| 6:57 | · | were purely theoretical up until 1964 so |
| 6:59 | · | it doesn't preclude their existence the |
| 7:01 | · | existence of white holes was also first |
| 7:03 | · | theorized in 1964 predicted by a part of |
| 7:07 | · | the solution to the Einstein field |
| 7:09 | · | equations so well what is a white hole |
| 7:12 | · | and what will they look like despite the |
| 7:14 | · | name a Whitehall would probably look |
| 7:15 | · | exactly like a black hole the object |
| 7:18 | · | itself would be invisible and it would |
| 7:19 | · | be surrounded by an event horizon of |
| 7:21 | · | gases however unlike the gases |
| 7:23 | · | surrounding a black hole that cannot |
| 7:24 | · | escape the gases surrounding a white |
| 7:26 | · | hole would be unable to enter this is |
| 7:28 | · | because a white hole is the exact |
| 7:30 | · | opposite of a black hole they're large |
| 7:32 | · | bodies of mass with an event horizon |
| 7:34 | · | that nothing can pass through not even |
| 7:36 | · | light instead of sucking up matter from |
| 7:38 | · | the unit first whitehalls would instead |
| 7:40 | · | spit out Mata the theoretical existence |
| 7:43 | · | of a white hole raises a lot of |
| 7:45 | · | questions where did the matter come from |
| 7:47 | · | why can't anything enter them how many |
| 7:49 | · | drugs did you ingest before coming up |
| 7:51 | · | with this Theory and since all of this |
| 7:53 | · | remains just speculation well there are |
| 7:55 | · | a lot of speculative answers to these |
| 7:57 | · | questions for example whitehalls could |
| 7:59 | · | exist at the singularity of a black hole |
| 8:01 | · | spewing our matter to create a smaller |
| 8:03 | · | Universe within the black hole they also |
| 8:05 | · | may be linked to Black Holes without |
| 8:06 | · | actually being nested inside one another |
| 8:08 | · | in quantum mechanics the no hiding |
| 8:10 | · | theorem states that information cannot |
| 8:13 | · | be changed or destroyed but following |
| 8:15 | · | certain models of the universe Quantum |
| 8:16 | · | information would be genuinely lost when |
| 8:19 | · | it entered a black hole rather than |
| 8:20 | · | destroying the information it's |
| 8:21 | · | theorized that it may enter a black hole |
| 8:23 | · | and then be ejected from its connected |
| 8:25 | · | white hole basically they would be two |
| 8:28 | · | opposite ends of the same thing such as |
| 8:30 | · | a theoretical Wormhole and just in case |
| 8:32 | · | this wasn't all confusing enough for you |
| 8:34 | · | the interconnected black and white holes |
| 8:36 | · | wouldn't even need to be located in the |
| 8:38 | · | same universe the behavior of a white |
| 8:41 | · | hole isn't fully agreed upon either some |
| 8:43 | · | believe that it would slowly Propel |
| 8:45 | · | matter outwards whereas others suggest |
| 8:47 | · | that a white hole would release all of |
| 8:49 | · | its matter in a single explosion and |
| 8:51 | · | that the Big Bang may have been such a |
| 8:54 | · | white hole event the theory surrounding |
| 8:55 | · | white holes are as numerous as they are |
| 8:58 | · | mind-blowing but the majority of |
| 9:00 | · | scientists don't believe that we'll ever |
| 9:02 | · | actually find them in our universe |
| 9:03 | · | though they were born from the maths of |
| 9:06 | · | Einstein's field equations other |
| 9:07 | · | Solutions don't require their existence |
| 9:10 | · | the majority also believed that |
| 9:11 | · | information isn't truly lost when it |
| 9:14 | · | enters a black hole black holes slowly |
| 9:15 | · | evaporate over time and it's believed |
| 9:17 | · | that all of that Quantum information |
| 9:18 | · | will probably still be fine oh once a |
| 9:21 | · | black hole is evaporated but the |
| 9:23 | · | ultimate test of science is observation |
| 9:25 | · | and experimentation not popularity so |
| 9:28 | · | it's still possible that those |
| 9:29 | · | scientists who believe we may discover |
| 9:31 | · | white holes in our universe could be |
| 9:33 | · | correct |
| · | Information |
| 9:39 | · | physicists have a strong desire to unify |
| 9:41 | · | general relativity with quantum |
| 9:43 | · | mechanics relativity works on big things |
| 9:45 | · | like planets and quantum mechanics works |
| 9:47 | · | on really small things like subatomic |
| 9:49 | · | particles but they don't really work |
| 9:52 | · | very well together the idea that the |
| 9:53 | · | Universe could have different sets of |
| 9:55 | · | rules depending on the scale you're |
| 9:56 | · | looking at is |
| 9:58 | · | unsatisfactory and scientists have |
| 10:00 | · | created all sorts of theories to try and |
| 10:02 | · | unify the two sets of rules one growing |
| 10:05 | · | Trend in physics is to view the main |
| 10:07 | · | components of the universe as |
| 10:09 | · | information rather than matter and |
| 10:10 | · | energy those things would still exist |
| 10:12 | · | but more as an incidental byproduct of |
| 10:15 | · | information than as the main building |
| 10:17 | · | block of the universe another growing |
| 10:19 | · | Trend in physics is not to bother |
| 10:21 | · | explaining what they mean when they say |
| 10:23 | · | information but we thought you might |
| 10:24 | · | prefer a little Clarity since it's a |
| 10:26 | · | commonly used word with a lot of |
| 10:27 | · | different meanings in this context |
| 10:29 | · | information is the description of all |
| 10:31 | · | matter and energy in the universe if we |
| 10:33 | · | were to compare it to digital |
| 10:34 | · | information one byte could represent one |
| 10:37 | · | particle of matter specifically what |
| 10:39 | · | type of particle it is where it is at |
| 10:41 | · | what speed it's traveling and in what |
| 10:43 | · | direction and so on this information has |
| 10:45 | · | a causal effect on other information and |
| 10:48 | · | thus our entire universe starts to come |
| 10:50 | · | together but even if we accept the idea |
| 10:52 | · | that matter and energy are the byproduct |
| 10:54 | · | of the information describing them what |
| 10:57 | · | is that actually changing and to answer |
| 10:59 | · | that we need to think about another |
| 11:01 | · | question how much space would it take to |
| 11:03 | · | contain all the information in the |
| 11:05 | · | universe could it all fit in a single |
| 11:07 | · | grain of sand in a computer the size of |
| 11:10 | · | a planet or inside your own brain well |
| 11:12 | · | thanks to some research involving black |
| 11:14 | · | holes we know that the answer to all of |
| 11:16 | · | those is no because there is an upper |
| 11:18 | · | limit to how much information can fit in |
| 11:20 | · | any volume of space the maximum amount |
| 11:22 | · | of information that can be contained in |
| 11:23 | · | a volume is determined by its boundary |
| 11:26 | · | in more simple terms all of the |
| 11:28 | · | information describing what is contained |
| 11:30 | · | within a circle must be able to fit |
| 11:32 | · | along its circumference all the |
| 11:33 | · | information described in the volume of a |
| 11:35 | · | sphere must be able to fit on its |
| 11:37 | · | surface area extending this Beyond a |
| 11:39 | · | simple sphere all the information for a |
| 11:41 | · | three-dimensional Universe must be able |
| 11:42 | · | to fit on a two-dimensional plane much |
| 11:45 | · | like how a hologram appears to exist in |
| 11:47 | · | three dimensions despite only being a |
| 11:49 | · | two-dimensional image our entire |
| 11:51 | · | universe may exist on a two-dimensional |
| 11:53 | · | plane of information with the 3D reality |
| 11:56 | · | that we perceive merely being an |
| 11:58 | · | illusion that's not to say that you |
| 11:59 | · | don't exist and everything you see is a |
| 12:01 | · | lie just that all of our information is |
| 12:03 | · | coded on a 2d surface and we are |
| 12:05 | · | experiencing the holographic |
| 12:07 | · | representation of that as bizarre as |
| 12:10 | · | this male sound this is probably the |
| 12:12 | · | least speculative of the topics that |
| 12:13 | · | we've discussed today holographic |
| 12:15 | · | Universe would actually solve some of |
| 12:17 | · | the trickiest problems in trying to |
| 12:18 | · | unify general relativity and quantum |
| 12:20 | · | mechanics and the theory should be |
| 12:22 | · | testable though the holographic theory |
| 12:23 | · | is far from proven there is a |
| 12:25 | · | substantial amount of evidence to |
| 12:27 | · | support the theory with nothing found |
| 12:29 | · | yet that can disprove it while some |
| 12:31 | · | scientists claim to have devised |
| 12:32 | · | definitive tests to confirm the theory |
| 12:35 | · | either the claims were not widely |
| 12:36 | · | accepted or the results were |
| 12:38 | · | inconclusive but it is a very popular |
| 12:40 | · | Theory and there's a good chance they |
| 12:42 | · | will see some major developments within |
| 12:44 | · | our lifetime |
| 12:46 | · | [Music] |
| 12:50 | · | foreign |
