This is likely what caught the guys. There are long standing charts that equate length and girth of fish to weight. Since the fish were dead at weigh in, the judges were able to dissect the fish to suggest/conclude fraud.
If you are a judge handling and weighing 16 inch walleye all day and suddenly you you have three that are twice as heavy as anything you’ve handled then alarm bells should be going off. Which, as you said, is almost certainly how these guys got caught. They got greedy and used too much weight.