RE: Among them all is why Jews in Europe gained access to so many demanding professions at a time when (until the Napoleonic Code) they could not have citizenship, all across Europe.
I guess the exception would be England. How do we explain the rise to the Prime Ministership of Benjamin Disraeli? Jewish by birth.
He became one of the most powerful and infuential men in Europe.
Is it because he converted to Christianity?
Disraeli was born in 1804, which is the very same year the Napoleonic Code was adopted and Jews began to have citizenship in more European states of their birth, and that is all after the period I was referring to.