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The tangled history of mRNA vaccines
Nature ^ | September 14, 2021 | Elie Dolgin

Posted on 09/21/2021 12:50:46 PM PDT by Pelham

In late 1987, Robert Malone performed a landmark experiment. He mixed strands of messenger RNA with droplets of fat, to create a kind of molecular stew. Human cells bathed in this genetic gumbo absorbed the mRNA, and began producing proteins from it1.

Realizing that this discovery might have far-reaching potential in medicine, Malone, a grad student at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, later jotted down some notes, which he signed and dated. If cells could create proteins from mRNA delivered into them, he wrote on 11 January 1988, it might be possible to “treat RNA as a drug”. Another member of the Salk lab signed the notes, too, for posterity. Later that year, Malone’s experiments showed that frog embryos absorbed such mRNA2. It was the first time anyone had used fatty droplets to ease mRNA’s passage into a living organism.

Those experiments were a stepping stone towards two of the most important and profitable vaccines in history: the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines given to hundreds of millions of people around the world.

But the path to success was not direct. For many years after Malone’s experiments, which themselves had drawn on the work of other researchers, mRNA was seen as too unstable and expensive to be used as a drug or a vaccine. Dozens of academic labs and companies worked on the idea, struggling with finding the right formula of fats and nucleic acids — the building blocks of mRNA vaccines.

Today’s mRNA jabs have innovations that were invented years after Malone’s time in the lab, including chemically modified RNA and different types of fat bubble to ferry them into cells. Still, Malone, who calls himself the “inventor of mRNA vaccines”, thinks his work hasn’t been given enough credit. “I’ve been written out of history,” he told Nature.

(Excerpt) Read more at nature.com ...


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KEYWORDS: mrnavaccinesmalone
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To: dynoman

That’s Malone’s own website. You do understand that’s just Malone reiterating his own claim that he invented mRNA vaccines?

His contemporaries think that he built on the work of others. And that he is but one of a long string of researchers who deserve credit. You know his name because the one thing that Malone definitely is is a self-promoter who knows how to get his name in the public eye.

The article I posted is the second history that I’ve run across that credits Katalin Karikó as having contributed the most important breakthrough that led to mRNA vaccines. That’s what her fellow researchers say.

The other article from last year is at this link:

https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/


21 posted on 09/21/2021 10:21:46 PM PDT by Pelham (No more words, now we fight)
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To: Pelham

He holds the patents.

https://patents.justia.com/inventor/robert-w-malone


22 posted on 09/22/2021 6:37:37 AM PDT by dynoman (Objectivity is the essence of intelligence. - Marilyn vos Savant)
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To: Pelham
Should have taken the trouble to check Twitter.

So, that's what I was talking about. There, he's making a claim that is not only false on its face, but which simply can't be true as stated for a complex piece of engineering like the mRNA vaccines. It's clear that he made significant and early contributions, but he was neither the first, nor apparently the most important of the various PI's who could claim a major part in developing this technology.

He's a bright guy, so he would certainly have an explanation for that if challenged. It would be interesting to hear what that might be, but overstating his claims doesn't help his credibility.

23 posted on 09/22/2021 10:41:20 AM PDT by absalom01 (You should do your duty in all things. You cannot do more, and you should never wish to do less.)
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To: absalom01

That’s the way I see it, too, and why I don’t trust what he says. I’d have to verify it with a second source.

He may be making the claim hoping that it can help him win some patents on mRNA technology, which is a legal issue right now. That’s what some think that his motive is. If it isn’t, then it looks like narcissism.


24 posted on 09/22/2021 9:41:49 PM PDT by Pelham (No more words, now we fight)
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To: dynoman

“He holds the patents.”

Lol. Try reading the bottom line of each of those patents where it says “Inventors” and see how many of them list his name alone.

Cationic transport reagents Patent number: 5527928
Inventors: Michael H. Nantz, Michael J. Bennett, Robert W. Malone

Delivery of exogenous DNA sequences in a mammal Patent number: 5580859
Inventors: Philip L. Felgner, Jon A. Wolff, Gary H. Rhodes, Robert W. Malone, Dennis A. Carson

Induction of a protective immune response in a mammal by injecting a DNA sequence Patent number: 5589466
Inventors: Philip L. Felgner, Jon A. Wolff, Gary H. Rhodes, Robert W. Malone, Dennis A. Carson

Cationic transport reagents Patent number: 5744625
Inventors: Michael H. Nantz, Michael J. Bennett, Robert W. Malone

Polyfunctional cationic cytofectins, formulations and methods for generating active cytofectin: polynucleotide transfection complexes Patent number: 5824812
Inventors: Michael H. Nantz, Michael J. Bennett, Rajiv P. Balasubramaniam, Alfred M. Aberle, Robert W. Malone

Cationic transport reagents Patent number: 5892071
Inventors: Michael H. Nantz, Michael J. Bennett, Robert W. Malone

Formulations and methods for generating active cytofectin: polynucleotide transfection complexes Patent number: 5925623
Inventors: Michael H. Nantz, Michael J. Bennett, Rajiv P. Balasubramaniam, Alfred M. Aberle, Robert W. Malone

DNA vaccines for eliciting a mucosal immune response Patent number: 6110898
Inventors: Robert W. Malone, Jill G. Malone

Compounds and methods for enhancing delivery of free polynucleotide
Publication number: 20040009947
Inventors: Robert W. Malone, Jill G. Malone

The only ones that could conceivably qualify as “his” are the most recent ones, the two by Malone and his wife. And one of those is an application and not a patent that has been granted.

But nice try, even though it revealed that you don’t know how to read those patents.


25 posted on 09/22/2021 10:11:11 PM PDT by Pelham (No more words, now we fight)
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To: Pelham

Why do you hate Robert?


26 posted on 09/23/2021 5:57:48 AM PDT by dynoman (Objectivity is the essence of intelligence. - Marilyn vos Savant)
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To: Pelham

You are not a mind reader. Instead of imagining things about Robert that aren’t true follow him on twitter and learn how wrong you are.

Check out Robert W Malone, MD (@RWMaloneMD): https://twitter.com/RWMaloneMD?s=16


27 posted on 09/23/2021 6:00:44 AM PDT by dynoman (Objectivity is the essence of intelligence. - Marilyn vos Savant)
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To: Pelham

https://www.rwmalonemd.com/mrna-vaccine-docs


28 posted on 09/23/2021 6:07:12 AM PDT by dynoman (Objectivity is the essence of intelligence. - Marilyn vos Savant)
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