I am not a doctor or even a biologist (although I have had both malaria and Covid), but here is what I have found on why hydroxychloroquine (antimalarial) could also be considered as antiviral:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128816/
And how ivermectin (anthelmintic,insecticide) could also be considered antiviral:
https://www.sciencedirrect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354220302011
When I lived in an area where resistant malaria (P. falciparum) was rife, we were given doxycycline as prophylactic. Yes, it’s an antibiotic, but it also works against earliest stage of malaria (liver stage):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062442/
Drugs can be multi-use.
I got malaria anyway, but it took awhile (resistant P. falciparum, so was treated with such high doses of quinine I went deaf for two weeks). Anyway, the malaria parasite has a very interesting and complex life cycle:
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html
The malaria parasite is a protozoa, an entirely different class of critter, and actual living thing and even though single-celled, much more complex than a virus. So far as I know, the jury is still out on whether a virus is a living organism as it has no independent metabolic processes. Size wise, a malaria parasite is measured in microns (varies from 1 to 20) and is gargatuan compared to the tiny SARS-CoV-2 virus which is measured in nanometers (varies from 50nm to 140nm).
Thinking the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a malaria parasite is like thinking there could be dog spikes on fleas or dolphin spikes on clams.
Thanks. I will look at these later. Battling insomnia right now.
I was first in Australia & PNG in 1975. While we were required to be inoculated against Yellow Fever, no one mentioned malaria. After arrival, we were told to get the OTC chloroquinine pills available in the pharmacies and everyone we spoke to said, “We all have it.” We took the pills and did not get malaria.
We returned in Oz in 2000 and again, no mention of malaria. We did not visit PNG that trip, took nothing, contracted nothing.
Guess we were lucky.