“...When I was growing up in Florida (in a town that was maybe 40% black) I saw that if a black kid did well in school, the other black kids would attack them for “sucking up to whitey”. To me this seems to be the root of the self perpetuating problem...”
One (or both) of two different sociological terms fit here:
(1) Crabs in the bucket
(2) Tall poppy syndrome
Crabs in a bucket is how I see black culture. In groups, they try to out do each other to the lowest level of civility.