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mRNA technology had one stumbling block: how to get it to the ribosome to do the translation process needed to present the Spike Protein on the MHC-1 and MHC-2 complex molecules. The answer came when they developed the delivery vehicle, a high tech lipid nanoparticle. The RNA blueprint for the C-virus Spike Protein is encapsulated by this lipid nanoparticle. It fuses onto a cell wall membrane and releases the RNA Messenger into the cell, where the host cell’s ribosomes read the RNA instruction to translate the proteins that are exact copies of the C-viruis Spike Protein.

After 30 years of painstaking research mRNA technology allowed several groups of scientists — including a group at Pfizer working with a German company called BioNTech, and a young company in Massachusetts called Moderna — to bring mRNA vaccine technology to the threshold of actually working. The companies had built platforms that, theoretically, could be used to create a vaccine for any infectious disease simply by inserting the right mRNA sequence for that disease. The lipid nanoparticle was the final breakthrough to allow such a vaccine to work.

Then along came COVID-19. Within weeks of identifying the responsible virus, scientists in China had determined the structure of all of its genes, including the genes that make the spike protein, and published this information on the Internet.

Within minutes, scientists 10,000 miles away began working on the design of an mRNA vaccine. Within weeks, they had made enough vaccine to test it in animals, and then in people. Just 11 months after the discovery of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, regulators in the United Kingdom and the US confirmed that an mRNA vaccine for COVID-19 is effective and safely tolerated, paving the way for the first Messenger RNA vaccine ever produced. The results was history at warp speed.

After 30 years of painstaking research mRNA technology allowed several groups of scientists — including a group at Pfizer working with a German company called BioNTech, and a young company in Massachusetts called Moderna — to bring mRNA vaccine technology to the threshold of actually working.
The companies had built platforms that, theoretically, could be used to create a vaccine for any infectious disease simply by inserting the right mRNA sequence for that disease.

The lipid nanoparticle was the final breakthrough to allow such a vaccine to work.

Worth repeating :)

And, reminding folks that this technology will lead to a vaccine for every type of cancer.