Same thing for pepper sprays and their stronger OC versions. They work and work well, but if someone is properly motivated or drugged their effect can be somewhat diluted.
A heavy nightstick to the head though will work even against the most pain resistant attacker!
Yep, they use to call it a “wooden shampoo” and would be the first thing a cop would pull if someone was trouble. Just showing it was enough to get thugs to back down. My dad was a cop in New York city in the 1960s and 70s, he use tell me this stuff all the time.
Tasers only have an effective rate of about 50%.
https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/05/09/when-tasers-fail
Failures to subdue even happen with bare skin contact.