I would add "and amusingly" in the case of Russia.
“” “” I would add “and amusingly” in the case of Russia.”” “”
Why not? It partly explains Nixon’s policy towards China and Carter’s policy in Middle East and East Europe.
Both policies produced other challenges though.
Russia has its peculiarities but not awfully culturally different comparing to Europe and US. You can’t say the same about China and Middle East.
“” “” Imperial Japan of course took Mahan seriously.”” “”
True, but for the manpower and resources of Japan it was obvious it couldn’t control the World Oceans.
One might think Hitler was reading Mackinder and failed at it for the very same reason Japan failed in Mahanism.