Rel=nofollow does not pass page rank to that page but google is fast moving to an ai model that will make all of this irelevent ... the new WordPress ia also packaging thing with their new Gutenberg plugin that will make it easier for google to just grab parts of your site for search results and users will eventually never visit your site....pay google or be an ally of google and you show... otherwise forget about it...these bans are just the beginning
Individual search results will make this almost impossible to prove