I think he was a Captain in the Army Air Corps.
I think his Royal Marine position was given to him by Philip.
True. That is an honorary position, Captain General (ceremonial head) of the Royal Marines, that his grandfather held before him.
After a tour in Iraq, he trained as a helicopter pilot. He was training for a deployment to Afghanistan when journalists betrayed the secret and his deployment was cancelled for his safety.
Harry is a real deal soldier and has been active in support organizations for vets. Not surprised these Royal Marine volunteered to honor him.