[SunkenCiv]

Stellar evolution. Credit: European Space Agency

[Telepathic Intruder]

• 0.08 - 0.4 solar mass
  Red dwarf stars leaving a hypothetical helium white dwarf remnant after a few trillion years
• 0.4 - 8 solar mass
  Medium-sized stars leaving a carbon/oxygen white dwarf after a few billion years
• 8 - 10.5 solar mass
  Large stars leaving a oxygen/neon/magnesium white dwarf after a few 100 million years
• over 10.5 solar mass
  Giant stars leaving a neutron star/black hole after a few million years

Most star systems are multiple ones, unlike our own. Combinations are interesting.

[WayneS]

Stars the mass of our Sun, and up to eight times more massive, evolve into red giants towards the end of their lives. Their outer layers puff up and expand millions of kilometres, their dusty, gassy shells blown away from the central star in relatively slow winds up to few hundreds of km/s.

That's all well and good but everybody knows anything that happens to our sun is the result of human activity on earth - it's settled science...