The Germans took all those prisoners because they drove hundreds of miles in weeks allowing the Soviet supply chains be severed. Blitzkrieg was intended to pierce the front allowing it to be rolled up.
Since the German military had trained and developed weapons in the USSR for a decade or more its capability was known making such a course even less likely.
Hitler believed that all it would take would be to kick in the door and the whole rotten edifice would collapse. That might have occurred had the military needs been considered rather than the real reason for the war being implemented -the extermination of the Jews. Most of the parts of the USSR that the Germans conquered hated Stalin more than Hitler until the killings of civilians started.
Destroying the Soviet frontline forces did not mean that German troops could not be supplied with suitable Winter clothing. He expected to winter in Moscow. And it was one of the coldest winters on record.
I have read all of that before. The standard story as told since WW2 never did explain a lot of things very well to me. Wintering in Moscow is a pretty lame reason to not order winter equipment, fuel or lubricants. I do not think taking Moscow would have won the war for them in any case. It is not like the Germans fell just a few miles short of winning. The USSR was something like 5,000 miles west to east and the Germans never got more than 900 miles or so into it. I guess it is possible that the General Staff was simply very stupid but I do not believe that. Barbarossa seems to me like it was more desperation rather than a well thought out plan. I thought this book does a good job of explaining why it looked that way.